In Chapter 17 of the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, what did Mayella Ewell tell Heck Tate?

In Chapter 17, Heck Tate is on the witness stand and Mr. Gilmer, the prosecuting lawyer, asks him what happened on the evening of November 21st. Sheriff Tate says that he was fetched by Bob Ewell, who told him that a "nigger'd raped his girl" (Lee 223). Tate says he got in his car, and when he arrived, he found Mayella lying on the floor in the middle of the front room. Heck Tate asked Mayella Ewell who had beat her like that, and Mayella told him that Tom Robinson had. When Sheriff Tate asked Mayella if Tom took advantage of her, she told Tate that he did. Sheriff Tate then took Mayella down to Tom Robinson's home, and she identified him as her perpetrator. After Mr. Gilmer is done questioning Heck Tate, Atticus begins to ask him about the location of Mayella's injuries. Tate tells Atticus that Mayella was beaten around the head about thirty minutes before he arrived. When Atticus asks him how he knew that, Sheriff Tate tells Atticus that Mayella told him that. Sheriff Tate then tells Atticus that Mayella's right eye was swollen and the right side of her face was predominately bruised. 

Please show how to solve this with step by step. (4a^2b^–2)^3

We are asked to simplify the expression `(4a^2b^(-2))^3 ` . (Note that we cannot be asked to solve since this is not an equation; there is no equals sign (or inequality, etc...))

We will use the exponent rules. There are a number of different approaches.

(1) First use the product to a power rule: `(xy)^n=x^ny^n ` This is something like a distributive property of exponents over multiplication instead of multiplication over addition.

`(4a^2b^(-2))^3=4^3(a^2)^3(b^(-2))^3 `

** The equals sign here does not create an equation to solve; it indicates an identity or that both sides are equivalent expressions.

(2) Now we will use the power to a power rule: `(x^n)^m=x^(mn) ` This rule comes from the definition of exponents (at least for integral exponents): `(x^2)^3=x^2*x^2*x^2=x^(2*3) `

So `4^3(a^2)^3(b^(-2))^3=64a^6b^(-6) `

(3) Finally we use the negative exponent rule: `a^(-n)=1/(a^n) `

This is often given as `a^(-1)=1/a ` , but we can combine this rule with the power to a power rule. Thus `a^(-n)=(a^n)^(-1)=1/(a^n) `

So we have `64a^6b^(-6)=64a^6*1/b^(6)=(64a^6)/(b^6) `

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The expression ` (4a^2b^(-2))^3 ` simplifies to the equivalent expression `(64a^6)/b^6 `

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I need help writing a paper in response to the following prompt:Imagine that you are a volunteer at a local community center where many new...

Your assignment involves writing an informative or expository essay. In this genre, your main task is to think about what information your audience needs to know in order to understand the topic.

You might begin with a discussion of Canadian weather, including average winter temperatures and amounts of snowfall. This would provide your readers with the necessary context for understanding the topic.

The next paragraph might talk about different styles of coat. You should cover the advantages and disadvantages of having a hooded parka versus wearing a separate hat and scarf and how too choose the right coat length.

Your next body paragraph might talk about different types of fabric and insulation, looking at, for example, the relative merits of down and artificial insulation.

You might conclude with tips on how to save money buying coats.

Why does water left in a pot, exposed to sunlight, evaporate?

Evaporation is a surface phenomena and refers to the change of phase of a substance from the liquid to the gas phase. Also remember that sunlight is a part of the electromagnetic radiations generated by the Sun and hence is heat energy (radiation is a form of heat transfer and that is why we feel hot when we stand in the sunlight for too long). 

When sunlight falls on the pot of water, the water molecules at the surface gain some kinetic energy. Once their kinetic energy is enough to overcome the attractive forces of water molecules, they are able to escape from the water phase and move to the gas phase. If the water is left out for a couple of days, all of it would evaporate and we would be left with the empty pot. 

Note that the loss of water through evaporation takes place only when the relative humidity of the air is less than 100%. If the air is 100% saturated with water, no more water vapors can be added to it. At that point, the amount of water lost by evaporation would be equal to water gained. 

Hope this helps.

What do scientists infer quarks are made of?

There is currently no experimental evidence that suggests quarks are "made of" anything smaller; they are considered a fundamental particle, essentially a building block of matter. However, we should specify that the emphasis is on our uncertainty rather than our certainty that this is the case; the quark might be made of something smaller, and we simply lack the technology or the procedure to properly investigate and confirm the existence of that substructure. A number of theories, such as the "preon" put forth the idea that the quark has a substructure and that this simplifies rather than complicates our explanation of empirical observations in particle physics, but to date there is little or no indication that preon/substructure explanations are superior AND supported by evidence compared to the Standard Model, which currently depicts quarks as fundamental. 

A (very oversimplified) interpretation of the quark is that it is a combination of multiple "ripples" in different fields that are all superposed in the same location, making it "point-like" in that it has no surface area, but it occupies a definite volume within which its characteristics are established. This is distinctly different from having specific sub-structures occupying a volume within the volume of the quark; if anything, it's more like the quark is a series of substructures all occupying the same three-dimensional location, and inseparable from each other. 

Does Atticus Finch manage his role as a single parent well?

Yes. In my opinion, Atticus manages his role as a single parent well throughout the novel. He shows his children attention and is continually teaching them important life lessons. Atticus takes time out of his busy schedule to play catch with Jem and to sit on the porch to read with Scout. Whenever his children ask him a question, Atticus answers it as honestly as he can and does not lie to Jem and Scout. Jem and Scout also enjoy their childhood and Atticus allows them to be individuals. He does not raise Scout to be a conventional Southern Belle and allows her to run around in overalls. He also protects his children by acting tolerant towards the racist community members of Maycomb and teaches his children to respect others regardless of their beliefs. He makes the intelligent decision to employ Calpurnia and even invites his sister, Aunt Alexandra, to come live with them so that she can teach Scout how to be a lady. By the end of the novel, Scout and Jem are tolerant, empathetic, moral individuals which reflects on Atticus' parenting skills.

What presidents served between 1898-1913?

During the time period that you are asking about, the United States had three presidents (or four, depending on when in 1913 your time period ends).  These presidents were William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and, beginning on March 4, 1913, Woodrow Wilson.

In 1898, William McKinley was the president.  He had been elected in 1896 and taken office in 1897.  McKinley was a Republican.  As president, he is best known for having led the United States into the Spanish-American War and for his moves towards imperialism like the annexation of Hawaii and the taking of the Philippines.  McKinley was reelected in 1900, but was assassinated in September of 1901.

When McKinley was killed, his vice president, Theodore Roosevelt, took office.  Roosevelt, of course, is one of the most famous American presidents.  As president, he is most famous for having been a Progressive.  He is known for his “trust-busting” and his support for the idea of national parks.  Roosevelt is also known for his “big stick diplomacy” in which he tried to use American military power aggressively to achieve American goals.  One example of this is his use of the military to help Panama break away from Colombia so the US could acquire the land to build the Panama Canal.  Roosevelt was elected in his own right in 1904 and did not run for reelection in 1908.

In 1908, Roosevelt’s hand-picked successor, William Howard Taft, was elected.  Taft is not very well-known, being most famous for the fact that he was the heaviest American president ever.  Taft carried on more or less in Roosevelt’s footsteps.  He, too, was a Progressive who wanted to use the power of the federal government to do things like breaking up large businesses.  However, Taft did not seem progressive enough to Roosevelt and other Republicans.  When the party nominated him again in 1912 (over Roosevelt, who had come back to try for office again), Roosevelt created a third party.  Roosevelt and Taft split the GOP vote, allowing Woodrow Wilson to become president.  Wilson is the only Democrat of these four presidents.  Because your question only goes up to 1913, I assume you do not need to know much about Wilson as he had not had time to do much as president by the end of 1913.

Please follow the link below for a list of presidents with links to brief summaries of their times in office.

What are some examples of local dialect in the first chapter of Of Mice and Men?

In Chapter 1 of Of Mice and Men, George uses local dialect in much of what he says. He tells Lennie, "You gonna be sick like you was last night" (page numbers  vary by edition). Steinbeck produces George's speech in a way that a ranch hand might have really sounded, using the word "gonna" instead of the more formal "going to" and "you was" instead of the correct "you were." Later, George says, “I ain’t sure it’s good water...Looks kinda scummy" (page numbers vary by edition). "Ain't" is a colloquialism, as is "kinda." He also says, "You never oughta drink water when it ain’t running, Lennie" (page numbers by edition). In this sentence, he uses "oughta" instead of "ought to" and uses several double negatives ("never" and "ain't), again sounding the way a real person might sound. Later, George says, "We could just as well of rode clear to the ranch if that bastard bus driver knew what he was talkin’ about. ‘Jes’ a little stretch down the highway,’ he says" (page numbers vary by edition). In this speech, George uses "of" instead of "have" and uses the incorrect verb "rode" instead of "ridden." In addition to using incorrect verb forms, he imitates the driver of the bus, using the pronunciation "jes" instead of "just." Steinbeck's use of dialect does not imply that George is unintelligent; George is clearly observant and astute. George's way of speaking does, however, imply that he is a working man who perhaps did not have the benefit of many years of formal education.

Why does Achilles tell Patroclus to limit his efforts?

Achilles refused to help the Greeks assault Troy because he was mad at Agamemnon. The gods sympathized with him, so they enabled Hector and the Trojans to push the Greeks back all the way to their ships. This troubled Patroclus, so he begged Achilles to lend him his armor and let him join the Greeks on the battlefield. Achilles consented, but he told Patroclus to limit his efforts to defending the Greek ships; he did not want his friend to join the Greeks as they continued to push toward Troy. One reason for this is that Achilles did not want the Greeks to be defeated, but he also did not want them to prove victorious without his help.

When Patroclus went out on the battlefield, everyone thought he was Achilles since he was wearing Achilles' armor. This emboldened the Greeks and struck fear into the hearts of the Trojans. The Greeks successfully defended the ships, and they began to push the Trojans back toward Troy. Unfortunately, Patroclus did not listen to Achilles; he remained for the assault, and Hector eventually slew him.

This question is from Hertzman, C & Boyce, T (2010). How Experience Gets Under the Skin to Create Gradients in Developmental Health (Links to an...

The main idea of "How Experience Gets Under the Skin to Create Gradients in Developmental Health" is that a child's social experiences and environment have the potential to affect his or her development over a lifetime, including not only health conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, but also conditions such as success in school, early memory loss, disability at retirement, and depression. Early exposure to stressful events seems to increase one's risk for multiple disorders through many different pathways. Early experiences produce gradients through the process of biological embedding. This means that the lower a child's socio-economic status, the lower his or her developmental outcome over a lifetime. Gradients include not only a child's socio-economic status but also his or her relative social standing among peers.

What is surprising is that early childhood experiences have the potential to affect people many years later. In addition, it is surprising that people show some variability in reaction to life experiences. As stated in the conclusion of the article, about 15% of children show higher reactivity to their surroundings than other children do. 

How is Mary the protagonist in Roald Dahl's story "Lamb to the Slaughter"?

Mary is the protagonist of "Lamb to the Slaughter" because she is the central character that the story revolves around. While I might be able to argue that Patrick drives the early events of the story, Mary is the character who moves the story toward its climax. Patrick simply isn't alive long enough to be considered a protagonist in the story. The other characters, in addition to getting very little page time, react to Mary and her plan. They do not drive the action of the story. From the point where she clubs Patrick to death with the leg of lamb, Mary is in control of the events that follow. She comes up with, executes, and she gets away with her plan.  

It's also common for a story's protagonist to be someone a reader would root for. Deep down, I think most readers know Mary is getting away with murder/ manslaughter. She's getting away with it through deception, too, although that probably doesn't bother readers as much, if at all. Mary is a protagonist because we are secretly cheering for her and her plan. Every time I read this story, I still hope Mary gets away with it. I sympathize with her and her situation, and I don't want to see her punished for what she did. She's the "good guy," and good guys are usually protagonists. Bad guys are antagonists.

Why do the last two lines of "Dulce et Decorum Est" repeat the title?

Wilfred Owen titled his poem after a Latin saying that means "how sweet and fitting it is to die for one's country." The poem was written as a protest to those who recruited young men to serve in World War I by presenting a rosy and unrealistic picture of the life of a soldier. Owen, who served in battle himself, wanted to portray the horrors of trench warfare, not to dissuade men from enlisting, but to make sure everyone, recruits as well as the public, knew the great sacrifice Great Britain was requiring of its soldiers. By beginning and ending the poem with the Latin saying, Owen emphasizes the verbal irony that is central to his poem. Being confronted with the Latin phrase in the title before reading the poem, readers may at first expect that the poem will support the sentiment. When they read of the horrible conditions, the death of the man who doesn't get his mask on in time, and the tormenting nightmares of the man's fellow soldier, readers begin to question the Latin phrase from the title. What Owen describes is anything but "sweet and fitting." At the end of the poem, Owen states clearly that the saying is "the old lie." He then repeats the entire sentence, this time including the part "to die for one's country." The ending brings the poem full circle and emphasizes the contrast between the saying and the reality. 

Two squirrels fall out of a tree. One survives because it had a mutation for a very small flap of skin on its side that slowed its fall. The other...

This squirrel with the mutation for the small flap of skin will now have increased biological fitness. Fitness in this sense does not mean how strong or fast it is, but it refers to being able to survive and produce more offspring. The squirrel will pass on the mutation for the small flap of skin to its offspring, and this trait will become more common in the population by the process of natural selection. Over time, the squirrels with slightly larger flaps of skin will likely survive even better than those with smaller flaps of skin, and so the genes for larger and larger flaps of skin will get passed on more frequently. This is a very gradual process happening over many generations. Throughout the process, the squirrels that live during the in-between time as the two groups (with and without flaps) are in the process of separating into two species will be referred to as transitional forms. 

To become two separate species, the two groups of squirrels must somehow begin to mate with only each other. Perhaps the group of squirrels with the large flaps of skin begin to live higher up in the trees because they can now survive the fall and become separated from the group of squirrels without the flaps of skin who continue to live closer to the ground. However it happens, in order for them to become two different species, the groups must become reproductively isolated, that is, only mate with squirrels in the same group. When this happens, the gene pools of the two separate groups will evolve on their own without mixing and two separate species will result.

How can I analyze the style of Leonard Cohen's song "The Story of Isaac"?

Leonard Cohen's song "The Story of Isaac" starts with a retelling of the Old Testament story of Isaac, whose father, Abraham, was about to sacrifice his son to God as a testament to Abraham's faith when God stopped him. In Cohen's song, Isaac is narrating this story as a first-person account. The song features the father's voice as he speaks to Isaac and tells him that he's had a vision that he must obey. In the second stanza, the father and son head up the mountain, and Isaac sees a bird that he thinks is an eagle but might be a vulture. This bird is a symbol of Isaac's realization that he might be sacrificed (as vultures are birds of prey). 

In the third stanza, the narrator addresses the audience in the second person and tells them that "You who build these altars now /To sacrifice these children/You must not do it anymore." Isaac is now speaking to the generals of the time (the song was written during the Vietnam War) who are sending young people to war. He has become the voice of this younger generation, who are sacrificed for the war effort. He tells the generals that they are not tempted by God, as his father, Abraham, was. In the last stanza, the lines "I will kill you if I must /I will help you if I can" are repeated twice, perhaps signifying that helping and killing seem to be closely related in this poem and seem equivalent to people in the military. The reference to the peacock at the end of the song is the subject of some critical debate, but it may refer to God spreading the seeds of death, or in alternative explanations, to God spreading mercy.

What are some examples of repetition in chapter 4 of The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros?

The House on Mango Street is not divided up by chapters but by vignettes. The fourth one is called "My Name," in which Esperanza explains how she feels about her Spanish name. She repeats different meanings of her name to show how deeply she dislikes it. Not only that, she seems to feel some frustration about it because her name means "hope" in English, but she believes that the Spanish meaning represents sadness and waiting for something better to come along in life that never does. For example, Esperanza repeats herself as follows:

"In English my name means hope. In Spanish it means too many letters. It means sadness, it means waiting. It is like the number nine. A muddy color. It is the Mexican records my father plays on Sunday mornings when he is shaving, songs like sobbing" (10).

Esperanza uses the repetition of the word "name" and "it means," to highlight the importance of what the name means to her as opposed to what the different languages suggest. Hence, she does not like what her name represents because all she sees in the Spanish spelling is sadness and waiting, not hope. As a result, she tells the story of receiving her name from her great-grandmother who suffered under that name with both sadness and waiting as well.

"She looked out the window her whole life, the way so many women sit their sadness on an elbow. . . I have inherited her name, but I don't want to inherit her place by the window" (11).

Esperanza mentions sadness again coupled with the image of her great-grandmother leaning on her elbow and waiting for a better life to happen. This younger Esperanza, however, wants to be happy, make a life for herself, and not wait for someone or something to rescue her. 

What happens in Chapter One of Black Beauty?

In Chapter One of Black Beauty, Black Beauty reflects upon his childhood next to a lovely meadow where he lives with his mother, Duchess, and six other colts. Black Beauty loves to play with his fellow horse friends, although Duchess scolds him for consorting with horses who have poor manners. Black Beauty, on the other hand, is a "well-born" horse and the descendant of a racehorse; his mother wishes for him to grow up to be a gentle, hard-working creature. 

We are introduced to Black Beauty's master, Farmer Grey, who is a kind man who seems to favor Duchess and "Darkie" (Grey's nickname for Black Beauty). Farmer Grey intently protects his animals, and when he catches Dick, a ploughboy, throwing sticks and stones at the young horses, he punishes him severely and bans him from the farm. 

Finally, we are introduced to Old Daniel, who is the horses' caretaker, a man who is described as being "just as gentle" as Farmer Grey. 

From what we can assess from this first chapter, Black Beauty leads a happy life and is well taken care of by those responsible for him, both human and horse. 

How can we prove that the circumference of a circle is proportional to its diameter?

The parametric equation of a circle of radius `r` is given by

`x=rcos(t``)`

`y=rsin(t)`

where `t=[0,Omega] ` and `Omega ` is the total radians or degrees in a circle. We assume that given any circle the total degrees is always the same, therefore `Omega` is constant.

To measure the length of a curve, in particular the length of the circumference of our circle, we use the following formula:

`C=int_0^Omega sqrt((dx/dt)^2 + (dy/dt)^2) dt`

The derivatives `dx/dt` and `dy/dt` are simple to evaluate. We have `dx/dt=-rsin(t) ` and `dy/dt=rcos(t) ` . Plugging in the derivatives into the integral,

`C=int_0^Omega sqrt((-rsin(t))^2 + (rcos(t))^2) dt`

`= int_0^Omega sqrt(r^2sin^2(t) + r^2cos^2(t)) dt `

By the pythagorean theorem `sin^2(t)+cos^2(t)=1`. Therefore

`C= int_0^Omega sqrt(r^2) dt = int_0^Omega r dt = r int_0^Omega 1 dt = r [Omega-0] = r Omega` 

This shows that `C=r Omega=2r Omega/2`, the ratio between the circumference and the diameter of the circle is `Omega/2` regardless the size of the circle.

What is the purpose of chapter four in Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild?

In chapter four of Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild, the author is able to trace the early adventures of Chris McCandless from the time he leaves Atlanta until he "entered Las Vegas with no money and no ID." Much of McCandless's travels at this time were recorded by Chris in a "journal-snapshot album" which he eventually left with Wayne Westerberg. Chris first travels into the Lake Mead area of Nevada before "tramping" through much of California, Arizona and even into the northern canals of Mexico which he paddles through in an aluminum canoe. Along the way he meets people such as "Crazy Ernie" and Jan Burres, who he would stay in touch with for two years. At the end of the chapter, he is back in Nevada.

The main purpose of the chapter is to chronicle Chris's symbolic abandoning of the trappings of civilization and his attempt to seek out a "life...shaped by circumstance." During this period, he sheds most of his important material possessions, including his beloved Datsun when it becomes inoperable after a flash flood near Lake Mead, many of his clothes, a guitar, and several incidentals. Krakauer writes that Chris "saw the flash flood as an opportunity to shed unnecessary baggage." Not content with abandoning material objects, Chris also burns all of his money "in a gesture that would have done both Thoreau and Tolstoy proud." Chris apparently relished this carefree life even if for most of the time he was hungry and alone. This content with such a life would later lead Chris to journey into the Alaska wilderness with little more than the shirt on his back. Krakauer uses a quote by James Joyce, describing Stephen Dedalus (from A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man), to sum up what Chris was like:

"He was unheeded, happy, and near to the wild heart of life. He was alone and young and wilful and wild hearted, alone amid a waste of wild air and brackish water and the seaharvest of shells and tangle and veiled grey sunlight." 

What are the similarities and differences between Of Mice And Men and The Glass Menagerie?

These two plays, besides being both authored by Americans, have very little in common.  Glass Menagerie is a family play, set in a small interior space, while Of Mice and Men is a play about a larger society, set in exteriors, mostly – farms and fields.  Furthermore, one play, Of Mice and Men, comes from the novel by John Steinbeck, while Tennessee Williams’ play is a play first, possibly autobiographical.  So let us look at some subtler similarities:  In both plays, sibling relationships play an important role:  Tom and Laura in Glass Menagerie, and George and Lennie in Of Mice and Men.  Both plays have a Southern U.S. setting, and both plays deal with future possibilities and hopes for the protagonists:  Tom’s hope to travel and have adventures, and George and Lenny’s desire to have a farm of their own.  Furthermore, both plays feature the inherent drama in “difference”:  Laura’s physical/emotional handicap and Lennie’s mental handicap.  Finally, the two plays have become staples in the American drama repertory, must-reads for any student of literature.

What kind of boundaries do characters like Tom, Scout, and Cal have in Harper Lee's To Kill A Mockingbird?

Boundaries, or more specifically social boundaries, can be defined as the rules established by society that dictate the correct way for a person to live. Such boundaries prescribe a person's behaviors, such as what religion to practice, how to dress, and how to speak. Since Tom Robinson is an African American living in the small, Southern, segregated town of Maycomb, we see his life being guided by several boundaries.

First, most African Americans in Maycomb live in the segregated area called the Quarters, which refers to what used to be the slave quarters in the days of slavery. The African Americans have adapted the tiny cabins of the slave quarters for their homes, which, according to Scout, are very clean, well-kept, and snug-looking (Chapter 18).

Second, being uneducated, Tom Robinson, like most of Maycomb's African American residents, is confined to working a blue collar job as a field hand in cotton fields.

Third, the African-American community of Maycomb has been significantly influenced by the Protestant Christian religion. As a result, Tom Robinson and his family are active members of the African-American church, as we learn when Atticus first explains to Scout who Robinson is:

He's a member of Calpurnia's church, and Cal knows his family well. She says they're clean-living folks (Chapter 9).

Finally, the racism Tom is always subjected to also establishes Robinson's boundaries, significantly influencing his behavior. More specifically, he has grown terrified of white people and what they can accomplish, which is why he runs, according to his testimony, when Mayella kisses him and her father appears, yelling, "[Y]ou goddamn whore, I'll kill ya" (Chapter 18). Sadly, Tom's running makes him look guilty and helps seal his fate.

How is the imagery used to present the conflict in the poem "Dulce et Decorum Est"?

Owen uses brutal, ghastly imagery to present a stark contrast between the realities of war as lived by the people who fought it and the politicians and others back home who assert that war is glorious and ennobling. To this end, Owen depicts a scene in which a young man finds himself the victim of a gas attack. Before the attack, the soldiers are "like old beggars," "coughing like hags" as they curse their way through the "sludge." Some, having lost their boots, "limp on, blood-shod." These poor men, "drunk with fatigue," have their misery interrupted by an even greater nightmare—a mustard gas attack. In the struggle to put on their masks before they are enveloped by the gas, one poor man is unable to get his secured in time. Owen uses terrifying and grotesque imagery to describe the man's horrible death. He immediately begins "guttering, choking, drowning," with his eyes bulging horribly. The men are left to watch him die, and Owen uses the horrible scene, which ends with the man coughing up blood that Owen describes as "obscene as cancer" to show that war is horrible, nothing like the glorious endeavor that many people imagine. The use of this shocking, brutal, even grotesque imagery portrays war as Owen, who served and died in the trenches during World War I, experienced it.

What was the War of 1812, how was it caused, and what happened in it?

The War of 1812 started due to the British navy taking American sailors for its own merchant marine, a policy known as impressment. At the time, Britain was fighting the Napoleonic Wars and needed every able body it could get for its merchant fleet. British ships stopped American ships in the process of trading with France and often took some American sailors, which the British claimed were deserters from its own navy. The British also did not vacate the forts of the Old Northwest Territory (the region around the Great Lakes), violating the deal of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and Americans claimed the British there incited the Native Americans there to violence. While this is partially true, as tribes such as the Shawnee looked to the British for supplies, the natives were threatened by white encroachment on their land and acted accordingly. A group of young men in Congress known as War Hawks (Henry Clay and John Calhoun among the most famous of them) would also agitate for America to annex British Canada. Congress declared war in June 1812. The war went horribly for Americans. American attempts at taking Canada were repulsed by Canadians, but the Americans burned York. In retaliation, British forces burned the Executive Mansion in 1814. Americans did gain some heroes from this war, however. William Henry Harrison fought the British-backed Tecumseh at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and Tippecanoe, launching Harrison's political career and leading to the nation's shortest presidency to date. Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British frigates on the Great Lakes, leading the British to exit the Northwest Territory permanently. Finally, Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans in early 1815. Ironically, though, this battle was not necessary. By 1815, the British had quit fighting the French due to the capture and exile of Napoleon. British and American diplomats met in Ghent, Belgium in late 1814 and negotiated a peace treaty, thus ending the war. No property changed hands, and the peace treaty's only purpose was to end the war. Without modern communication devices, Jackson and his opposite British general Pakenham did not know about the peace treaty signed weeks before, and fought anyway.  

The end of the war brought about a strong sense of nationalism in America, as the nation had survived a war with the world's greatest superpower twice. The war was quite unpopular, especially in the Northeast, as they called it "Mr. Madison's War." There was a Federalist movement to get the Northeastern United States to secede from America, but after the war, it, along with the Federalist party, was discredited.  

Why are alternative energy sources important?

Conventional energy sources include coal, petroleum and natural gas. These energy sources currently fulfill most of our energy demands, including electricity, heating, and transportation fuel. These have two important drawbacks. These fuels, also known as fossil fuels, are limited in quantity. Since we are heavily reliant on fossil fuels and they take millions of years to form, we are running out of them. Secondly, fossil fuels generate carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas thought to be responsible for global warming. Thus, limited quantities and greenhouse gas emissions make conventional fuels somewhat undesirable. 

Alternative energy sources are mostly renewable, including solar, wind, and geothermal energy. These energy sources do not generate any greenhouse gases and hence do not contribute to global warming. Additionally, as renewable sources, they are practically unlimited in quantity, meaning they could help solve our impending energy crisis.

Hope this helps. 

For school we need to write an essay about questions raised in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird. My contention is that Lee suggests that...

It would be nice and convenient if a positive correlation between human intelligence and racist thought existed to the extent that one can ascribe a history of racism to a lack of opportunities in the area of education. Unfortunately, it is not that simple. Racism can surely be taught through words and examples, and it does indeed exist most prominently among the less-educated within society. Others have pointed out instances throughout American and world history that refute, to a certain extent, the assertion that racism grows from ignorance by listing prominent highly intelligent individuals who harbored racist sentiments, although some of the examples directly correlate slave holdings with racism. Ownership of slaves by esteemed and well-educated individuals in American history like Thomas Jefferson and George Washington would clearly suggest that these men whose intellectual and philosophical inclinations provided the world one of its greatest democracies also harbored racist views towards blacks. The most crucial and enduring issue debated at the Constitutional Convention, the future of slavery, was left unresolved until the matter was finally determined with the Union's victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War.

More recently, prominent figures such as President Woodrow Wilson, Winston Churchill, and James Watson, a Nobel Prize winning molecular biologist and geneticist, have continued to serve as examples that the smartest among us have sometimes adhered to racist views. Further, while Adolf Hitler was not the best-educated among Germany's leadership during the 1930s, he could logically be said to have been of above-average intelligence -- an attribute that helped him convince millions of people to adopt the most virulently racist policies ever conceived and to carry out the greatest crime against humanity in human history, the Holocaust. 

In Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird, there is only the slimmest of suggestions of a correlation between intelligence and views on racial matters. Because Lee's fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, was in the Deep South, a vast region of the United States where racism remained prevalent, drawing a direct correlation between socioeconomic status and education is particularly difficult. It is easy to point at the saintly figure of Atticus Finch and advance the notion of a direct correlation between intelligence and views on racism. Atticus is a lawyer, a profession closely associated with higher education. He is not a racist; in fact, as the question notes, it was this kindly, intelligent lawyer and parent who admonished his children for condemning others without knowledge of all the facts. Early in Lee's novel, Atticus cautions his young daughter, Scout, about the perils of condemning others without knowing what those others have experienced in their lives ("You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view -- until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.”) Atticus is pointing out the correlation between personal experiences and observations and an inclination to hold views considered racist and anti-social today.

In To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee drew portraits of bad people who held to racist views and good people who held to racist views. Bob Ewell, the main antagonist in Lee's story, is also the most virulently racist individual in town. He is an uneducated drunk who exists at margins of Maycomb society. It is easy to depict this bitter, violent, uneducated man as a racist. Less simple, however, is to examine characters in Lee's novel who exhibit racist tendencies, but who do not fall easily into the category of poor white trash. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose, for example, harbors seriously racist views, and regularly insults the Finch children because of their father's willingness to defend African American defendant Tom Robinson in the latter's criminal trial. It is revealed, however, that this angry, bitter woman suffers daily from a drug addiction -- morphine, to be precise-- and that she is living out her days in constant pain from the underlying illness. Lee makes clear to the reader that Mrs. Dubose is not so bad after all. Following the old woman's death, when Atticus is explains the need to be nonjudgemental with regard to such people as this particular neighbor, he states that the now-deceased old woman "was the bravest person I ever knew." 

Mr. Braxton Underwood, the owner, editor and printer of the town's newspaper, the Maycomb Tribune, plays a small but important role in To Kill a Mockingbird. In Chapter 15, Atticus bravely confronts the lynch mob that has gathered outside the town jail, in which is held Tom Robinson, the crippled African American being held on a false charge of raping Bob Ewell's daughter, Mayella. Atticus succeeds, with the considerable help of his daughter, Scout, in softening the angry crown and convincing it to disperse without breaking into the jail to seize and kill Tom. The next morning, the subject of Mr. Underwood is discussed. This solitary, dedicated journalist who protected Atticus the night before from a possible riot by holding a shotgun outside his window in support of the lawyer can be assumed to be well-educated -- at least by small-town 1930s-era standards. Underwood is intelligent, and not without his personal charms. He is also, however, a racist, as Atticus points out to his children when they discuss the previous evening's events: “You know, it’s a funny thing about Braxton,” said Atticus. “He despises Negroes, won’t have one near him.” Mr. Underwood, though, risked his life the previous evening to protect Atticus, who was protecting a black inmate.

Lee's novel, and scientific studies designed to determine the validity of theses that purport to draw a strong correlation between intellect, education and racism are replete with examples of individuals who retained racist views even though they were well-educated. The question becomes whether anecdotal evidence intended to refute a thesis that correlates educational level and intelligence with any marked propensity towards racist views can stand up to closer scrutiny. Studies have indicated that such a correlation exists, but these same studies also point out just how slim is the margin separating educated non-racists with uneducated racists. Ignorance is a cause of racism, especially when it is passed down from generation to generation. Interestingly, the wealthiest of Maycomb's families is the family of Dolphus Raymond, who pretends to be the town drunk so that his propensity to socialize with African Americans can be excused by what the town's white population views as a lapse in judgement.

Was this story intended to make people think about what was going wrong in the world and what could possibly happen if no changes were made?

I believe that “There Will Come Soft Rains” was clearly intended to warn people of the time about the problems that could happen in their world if they did not change their ways. Like other stories by Ray Bradbury, it warned about the effects of technology on our society and our world.

Bradbury was clearly worried that technology was dangerous to human beings. In stories like “The Pedestrian” and books like Fahrenheit 451, he wrote about societies that had lost their humanity because everyone was entranced by technology. In “There Will Come Soft Rains,” he does not seem to worry about dehumanization. In this case, he appears to worry that our human nature, combined with our technological advances, will destroy us all.

In this story, the US is very technologically advanced. We have developed to the point where we have automated houses that do everything for us. The houses do everything from producing food to entertaining us. We live lives of luxury and ease. However, not all of our technological advances have been good. Instead, we have also developed nuclear weapons that can kill us all (as has apparently happened in the story), making our luxuries irrelevant. Because our human nature is violent, our technology becomes the ultimate danger to us.

I believe that this is what Bradbury was trying to do with this story. He was trying to makes us think about his idea that our technological advances were dangerous. He was warning us that we could potentially destroy ourselves if no changes were made.

Seema has a hemoglobin level of 6 g/dl. Which deficiency is she prone to? What items should she include in her diet?

Normal hemoglobin levels in men are between 13.5 and 17.5 g/dl. Normal hemoglobin levels in women are between 12 and 15.5 g/dl.

Seema has a hemoglobin level of 6 g/dl. This is well below the normal values for women. Seema is likely experiencing anemia. Anemia is a decrease in the blood's ability to carry oxygen. 

While anemia may be caused by a variety of conditions, the most common is iron-deficiency anemia. An increase in consumption of iron-rich foods can correct iron-deficiency anemia. Red meats, poultry and fish are excellent sources of iron. Many plants and grains also contain iron, but in smaller amounts than meat. Seema ought to increase her meat consumption. 

However, Seema should also visit a doctor to make sure that diet alone is the cause of her anemia. 

What is the solution in the book Wintergirls?

If by "solution" you also mean the resolution of the plot, we should first address the conflict that drives Wintergirls. 

Lia Overbrook has recently lost her best friend Cassie to bulimia. For years, Lia and Cassie have shared everything- even the fact that both of them struggle with an eating disorder. Now that Cassie is dead, Lia is alone in her struggle, grieving for her friend, and is wracked with guilt. In the hours leading up to her death, Cassie called Lia on her cellphone, but Lia never picked up. Now she worries that if she had answered the phone, her friend would not have died. 

Lia is haunted by her memories of Cassie and begins to see, feel, and smell her ghost. (There is some ambiguity as to whether Cassie's presence is supernatural or imagined as a result of starvation.) As months go on, Lia begins to unravel the story of what really happened in Cassie's final hours and her own eating behavior becomes worse.

The climax and resolution occur very quickly in this story, with Lia finding her way to the hotel room where Cassie died. There, Lia attempts to commit suicide by overdosing on medication. When she awakes, she realizes that she does not want to die and does not want to continue starving herself. Lia realizes that she has an opportunity Cassie did not: the opportunity to get better because she wants to. 

In short, the "solution" or resolution of the conflict was for Lia to visit the scene of Cassie's death and have her own near-death experience. It was only when she risked truly losing her life that she realized she did not want to die by her own actions and could get better. In a way, Lia's determination to recover is not in spite of Cassie, but in honor of her. 

What evidence from the text supports Lady Macbeth being called "the fiend-like queen" in Macbeth?

Lady Macbeth is fiend-like because she is ruthless and ambitious. 

A fiend is a derogatory description. It is best defined as “villain” or “devil.” Lady Macbeth has this reputation because she wanted her husband Macbeth to be king so badly that she talked him into killing the king and would not take no for an answer. 

Lady Macbeth is not very feminine. She is just as ruthless and ambitious as her husband. You could say she is actually more ambitious, because when her husband tells her about the witches’ prophecies, she says in a soliloquy that she fears he does not have it in him to make them come true:  

Glamis thou art, and Cawdor; and shalt be
What thou art promised: yet do I fear thy nature;
It is too full o' the milk of human kindness
To catch the nearest way: thou wouldst be great;
Art not without ambition, but without
The illness should attend it (Act I, Scene 5).

Additionally, Lady Macbeth gives a positively chilling speech about her womanhood. She asks to be unsexed, or made into a man, at one point. She also claims that she would be willing to bash a baby’s brains out to get what she wants. 

I have given suck, and know
How tender 'tis to love the babe that milks me:
I would, while it was smiling in my face,
Have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums,
And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you
Have done to this (Act I, Scene 7). 

When Macbeth dithers about whether or not he should kill Duncan, Lady Macbeth nags him. He worries Duncan did nothing to deserve to die, and that as his host he should be protecting him and not killing him. He is also concerned they might get caught. When he asks Lady Macbeth what will happen if they fail, she says that if he is brave enough they won’t possibly fail. By saying this, she puts it all on him. 

Lady Macbeth plans the murder out carefully. She even scolds Macbeth for not following the plan to the letter when he brought the daggers with him that he used to commit the killings. She reminds him that he was supposed to leave them by the bodies as part of the frame-up. 

When Macbeth acts so strangely during the banquet after killing Banquo, Lady Macbeth makes excuses for him. She tells everyone he is “often thus” and it is no big deal. She then chides Macbeth in private, asking him, “Are you a man?” Of course, we know Lady Macbeth is not immune to guilt. She has a little nervous breakdown of her own, where she can’t wash the metaphorical blood off her hands.

What are the common elements in all of Walter Mitty's daydreams?

In all of Walter Mitty's daydreams he is playing an heroic leading role. It has been pointed out that the roles and settings are the kinds that would be found in popular fiction and Hollywood movies.  The film roles might be played by popular movie stars of the period such as James Stewart or Clark Gable. In other words, the roles tend to be stereotypical. Mitty casts himself in age-appropriate roles in these daydreams. He is never doing anything that would require youthful athleticism, and he is not involved in love affairs with beautiful young women. It the first episode, for example, he is a naval commander. He would have to be in his forties or fifties to have worked up to such a senior rank. The same is true of Walter Mitty as a distinguished surgeon. One possible exception is the role of a flying ace--but he sets the episode back in time to World War I, and even then he appears to be a senior officer in charge of the whole flying corps. In most of his daydreams Mitty has nerves of steel and remarkable expertise. The Walter Mitty of his daydreams are the man he would like to be rather than the man he knows he really is. 

Young boys typically indulge in fantasies in which they are doing heroic deeds on athletic fields, or battlefields, or perhaps somewhere in outer space. It is interesting that Walter Mitty is still indulging in daydreams of glory but that his fantasy roles have aged along with his real chronological age. In his daydreams he is a middle-aged hero who does not have to exert himself physically--or romantically. In the finale he only has to stand in one place smoking a cigarette while the firing squad gets ready to shoot him, probably for being a legendary spy.

Walter Mitty is not unique. A lot of us have secret lives--but nobody suspects us because we keep them secret!

What are tissues made of?

Tissues are groups of cells of similar type that work together. In humans, there are several types of tissues, each with their own functions. These tissues come together to make organs. The tissues of humans include epithelial tissues, connective tissues, muscle tissues, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues include squamous epithelium with flat cells, columnar epithelium for absorption, cuboidal epithelium in glands and ducts, and transitional epithelium. Epithelium (except transitional) can be simple or stratified depending on the number of layers. Psuedostratified epithelium is found in the respiratory tract and appears to be stratified, but all cells are actually attached at the basal surface to the basement membrane.

Connective tissue includes blood, bone, cartilage, dense, regular connective tissue (tendons), dense, irregular connective tissue (dermis of skin), areolar connective tissue, and adipose tissue (fat).

Muscular tissue includes skeletal muscle that allow for voluntary movements of the body, smooth muscle that surrounds many of the organs of the digestive tract, and cardiac muscle that makes up the walls of the heart.

Nervous tissue includes both neurons that transmit electrical impulses and neuroglia which are supportive cells that provide nourishment and protection for the neurons.

What adjectives did author Harper Lee use in describing Scout, Jem, or Dill in Chapter 1 of To Kill a Mockingbird? What adjectives would the reader...

In the first chapter of To Kill a Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses both direct and indirect characterization techniques to introduce her readers to the three main child characters, Scout, Jem, and Dill. Direct characterization is a technique in which an author directly describes the characters. An author will use many adjectives to describe a character when employing direct characterization. Indirect characterization is a technique in which the author uses a character's actions, dialogue, and interactions with other characters to imply what a character is like. When using indirect characterization, while an author may not necessarily use adjectives to describe a character, the reader will be able to deduce adjectives that fit the character's description. In the opening chapter, Harper Lee primarily uses direct characterization techniques to introduce Dill, whereas she uses indirect characterization to introduce Jem and Scout.

In the opening chapter, since Lee uses more direct characterization techniques to describe Dill than any other character, Lee uses more adjectives to describe Dill. Dill is a very remarkable and unusual person, and his first most noticeable, remarkable characteristic is his size. Therefore, the very first adjective to describe Dill is found in Jem's comment about Dill's size when Scout and Jem first meet Dill: "You look right puny for goin' on seven." In using the adjective puny, Jem means that Dill looks very small, weak, and unimpressive for his age. Another direct characterization of Dill is found in Scout's narrative description of him: "Dill was a curiosity." She continues further to describe his unusual linen shorts, snow white hair, and deep blue eyes. But, beyond his physical description, the most curious and unusual characteristic of Dill is his imagination.

In contrast to the number of adjectives found describing Dill, Lee only uses one adjective to describe Jem. When Dill challenges Jem to put his "big toe in the front yard" of the Radley Place, calling Jem scared, Jem indirectly characterizes himself as respectful in his retort: "Ain't scared, just respectful." Jem's reference to his respectfulness is an honest characterization of Jem's ability to respect the thoughts, needs, and desires of others, similar to his father's ability. It also foreshadows how much Jem will develop as a character as the novel progresses.

What is the significance of the poem "Nothing Gold Can Stay" in The Outsiders?

In "Nothing Gold Can Stay," Frost suggests that while gold is the most precious of materials, it is so valuable that it cannot "stay," or remain in its pure form because it is subject to theft, alteration, and even damage. Frost's poem relates to Johnny because the gang tries to keep him "pure" and out of trouble, but he becomes caught in conflict and danger.

In Frost's poem, the controlling idea is that purity, beauty, and innocence cannot endure. "So Eden sank to grief," Frost writes. That is, the evil that exists in the world alters the purity of innocence whenever it makes contact with such goodness. With this realization of life's threats to the pure and innocent, the boys drive to the hospital to visit Johnny, discussing how they should have let Johnny become more hardened to the world and not kept him so untouched. As they near the hospital, Dally tells Ponyboy,

"I was crazy, you know that, kid? Crazy for wantin' Johnny to stay outa trouble, for not wantin' him to get hard. If he'd been like me he'd never have been in this mess. If he'd got smart like me he'd never have run into that church." 

Further, the boys have tried to keep Johnny outside their conflicts and bad behavior because he has been their treasure, someone to protect. Johnny has provided the gang what they have felt is a worthy sense of purpose, a purpose more valuable than their poverty and social disadvantages.
Sadly, Ponyboy only realizes this as Johnny dies--nothing gold can stay.

Old Man Fat keeps threatening Chee with the government man in town. "Who" is the government man, and why would he have any power over Chee?

From the story, the "government man" quite possibly refers to the state authorities (who are usually backed by the courts in cases involving domestic conflicts). Old Man Fat is saying that government officials have the jurisdiction to decide who Chee's daughter lives with, and he's warning Chee against taking his daughter by force. Old Man Fat's implication is that Chee could be arrested or prosecuted if he tries to get his own way.

Chee knows that the authorities in his own tribe would side with Old Man Fat, and his father-in-law knows this as well. After all, the tradition has always been that a daughter belongs to her mother's people. Because of this, Chee feels that he has little hope of getting his daughter back no matter which authorities decide his case.

He would have to give his daughter up if the case were brought before the Headman of Little Canyon, and certainly he would have no better chance before a strange white man in town.

In the end, Chee comes up with a novel way to change his father-in-law's mind. He plants two fields: a large one, filled with corn, pumpkins, and squash, and a smaller one, filled with onions, carrots, and chili peppers. At the end of the summer, he reaps a bountiful harvest and ties bulging packs of food across two pack ponies to take to his in-laws. When he sees Old Man Fat again, he notices that the older man has lost some of his previous cockiness.

Apparently, the trading post has closed, and Chee's in-laws are now struggling financially. The story ends with Chee unloading a winter's worth of food in his in-laws' home; with the food, he manages to reclaim his daughter from her grandparents.

Why did Roy Eberhardt's family move so much in the book Hoot by Carl Hiaasen?

The answer to your question can be found on page nine of the novel. The story is told from a third-person point of view, and the narrator states on page nine that Coconut Cove, Florida, is the tenth town that Roy and his family have lived in since he could remember. Roy's father works for the the Department of Justice. His mother explains to Roy that his father is "very good at his job" and that is why they move around so much. She explains that his father is frequently promoted, and promotions are usually followed by a move. The narrator, simulating Roy's thoughts, states, "Apparently that's how the government rewarded good work, by transferring you from one place to another." 

No other details are given about Roy's father's job in the novel. Prior to moving to Coconut Cove, Florida, Roy's family lived in Montana. Roy didn't want to leave Montana and said it was his favorite place where they'd lived.

Is Great Britain's insularity an advantage or a disadvantage?

I will share ideas on both sides of the question so you can make an informed decision.

Great Britain’s insularity has been both an advantage and a disadvantage. One way their insularity has been helpful is that it has been hard to attack Great Britain. There have been attempts to invade Great Britain and several haven’t succeeded. The Spanish failed to conquer Great Britain with its armada. Napoleon talked about jumping across the English Channel but never did. Germany, under Hitler, had rolled through much of Europe, but the island location of Great Britain was too much for Hitler to overcome in World War II.

Because of its island location, Great Britain has remained very independent and hasn’t always felt the need to conform to European norms.  The recent rejection of the Euro is a good example of this idea.

Being an island nation also has been a disadvantage. It has helped to contribute to an image of a people who are resistant to new ideas, to other cultures, and to other ways of doing things. The image of the British being very reserved may be tied to their status as an island nation.

Being an island nation has been an advantage and a disadvantage for Great Britain.

What is the relevance of "Dulce et Decorum Est" to modern society?

Because war and tragedy seem to be constant states of man, Wilfred Owen's sardonic poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" is still relevant today. In his poem Owen mocks the "Old Lie" of the lyric Roman poet, Horace, that to die for one's country is "sweet and fitting." Instead, in World War I, men's bodies were disfigured with the sores and froth from tortured, choking lungs infused with the mustard gas fired into the air. Young men were turned into monstrous beings with "white eyes writhing" in their hanging faces, like "a devil's sick of sin." Others stumbled to the trenches on "blood-shod" feet because their boots have been lost or destroyed. 

Owen writes that war has no glory; it is the perversion of human beauty and health. The earth is on fire or a sludge, or stripped of everything. The motives of war are almost always a lie, as well. Many times wars are waged for profit or political gain, not to make people "safe" or to free people, or any of the noble slogans. Wars waged often leave countries worse off than they were before, such as Germany was after World War I. The social, economic, and political consequences of this war upon Germany were devastating: 1.7 million men were dead and 7 million were casualties; the financial cost of the war has been estimated to be the equivalent of $38 billion. 

Fareed Zakaria, renowned journalist who writes for CNN and The Washington Post, recently remarked on the United States's twenty-first century actions that supposedly meant to rid areas of dictators:

Washington toppled Moammar Gadhafi's regime in Libya but chose not to attempt nation-building in that country. The result has been chaos and humanitarian tragedy. Washington supported a negotiated removal of Ali Abdullah Saleh's regime in Yemen and the election that followed, but generally took a back seat. The result again was chaos and humanitarian tragedy. 

So, again for those who have died serving their countries in modern times, it can be argued that the "the Old Lie" lives on.

What are the five mother sauces?

The "mother sauces," as they are known, refers to five basic but versatile sauces used in Classic French cuisine. When people go to culinary school and study the French tradition (which lays the foundation for much of the professional culinary arts) they learn how to prepare and get the most out of these sauces. Calling these sauces "mother" refers to the fact that many other sauces can be made using one of these as a base.

Here's a brief description of each of the mother sauces and how they differ from one another:

• 
  Bechamel sauce is made by cooking a roux of flour and butter, then adding milk, onion, and nutmeg. The result is a creamy and delicate sauce which can be used to make a variety of cream or cheese sauces. Some people begin with a bechamel when making casserole dishes like macaroni and cheese.


• 
  Veloute is also made with a roux, though this time the butter and flour are cooked to a light golden color. A broth with light color and flavor, such as chicken or fish, is then added to the roux. No additional spices or aromatic vegetables are added unless one is using veloute to create another sauce, such as a white wine sauce.


• 
  Espagnole is made by cooking flour and butter into a rather dark roux. This creates a very rich flavor. A dark, meaty broth like beef is added, as well as a little tomato paste, herbs, and sometimes a mixture of carrot, onion, and celery. This sauce may go on to become the savory, rich Madeira.


• In contrast to the previous three, tomato sauce (also spelled "sauce tomate") does not use a roux. Instead, puree and paste of tomato are cooked down into a thick and velvety sauce. Herbs and aromatic vegetables like garlic, celery, carrot, and onion are common in this sauce. You might be familiar with tomato sauce on pasta!


• 
  Hollandaise is the fifth mother sauce, and was added to the list later than the others. Hollandaise is a creamy mixture of egg yolk, butter, and sometimes a little lemon or vinegar. You often see this sauce served with asparagus or Eggs Benedict.

Mastering the five mother sauces helps a chef or home cook develop a variety of cooking techniques and have a veritable arsenal of sauces at their disposal!

What is Lady Macbeth's second reason in her argument with Macbeth?

When Macbeth says he is not interested in continuing with the business of killing Duncan, Lady Macbeth calls him a coward.  Then she tells him that if he were a man, he would do it.

When Macbeth hears about the witches’ prophecies, he writes a letter to his wife telling her about them.  He is all ready to do it until he actually gets home and realizes he has to kill Duncan in his house.  Then he loses his nerve.

He tells Lady Macbeth that he doesn’t want to do it anymore, and it turns out she was right when she said he was “too full o' the milk of human kindness” to do it.  She decides that she is not going to turn back and proceeds to goad and nag him into it.

First, she calls him a coward.

 … Art thou afeard
To be the same in thine own act and valour
As thou art in desire? Wouldst thou have that
Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life,
And live a coward in thine own esteem,
Letting 'I dare not' wait upon 'I would,'
Like the poor cat i' the adage?(Act 1, Scene 7) 

Then, she tells him that he is not a man if he doesn’t do it.

What beast was't, then,
That made you break this enterprise to me?
When you durst do it, then you were a man;
And, to be more than what you were, you would
Be so much more the man. (Act 1, Scene 7)

When Macbeth asks if they should fail, she tells him “But screw your courage to the sticking-place,/And we'll not fail.”  She is convinced that once Macbeth does it and kills the king, they will be fine.  No one will suspect them, because Macbeth wasn’t in line to be king.  Malcolm was named successor.  Lady Macbeth thinks they’ll be in the clear if her husband will just be a man.

How does Charles Wallace's relationship with Meg change throughout the novel?

Charles Wallace is Meg’s younger brother, not yet in school. Meg is in junior high, but they treat each other as if they are the same age. Charles Wallace speaks at a much advanced level, though he does not talk around other people outside the family. When Charles Wallace meets the three Mrs. Ws, he begins to lead Meg (and eventually Calvin) into the adventure. However, once they leave earth, Charles Wallace becomes even more commanding, making the choices even though Meg objects. Mrs. Whatsit, Mrs. Who, and Mrs. Which look to him as one who knows more about the situation than do Meg and Calvin. His insight is deeper than theirs. On Camazotz, he takes complete control, confident that he knows what to do. The Mrs. Ws had warned him about this, but he decides that he is strong enough to let IT take over his mind. The relationship between Charles Wallace and Meg then becomes as if there is no relationship at all. Meg feels that her beloved brother is gone. It is only through her love that he is released from IT and able to escape with Meg, Mr. Murry, and Calvin. Rather than rescuing Meg, Charles Wallace is thus rescued by her.

In James Joyce's story "Araby," how does Mangan's sister represent Ireland?

Before talking specifically about Mangan's sister in James Joyce's "Araby," it's worth mentioning that Irish literature has a long history of using female characters as symbols and personifications of Ireland. One of the most famous examples of this trope can be found in W.B. Yeats and Lady Gregory's play, Cathleen ni Houlihan. In this play, the main character (the eponymous Cathleen) begins as an old woman wandering the countryside and lamenting the loss of her four green fields. This character is often read as a symbol of occupied Ireland, as Cathleen's four green fields roughly correspond to Ireland's traditional four provinces. Furthermore, Cathleen's transformation at the end of a play into a young woman can be seen as a symbol of Ireland's projected rebirth, one that occurs once she regains her sovereignty from Great Britain.

Let's consider this trope in conjunction with "Araby." In Cathleen ni Houlihan, the character Michael Gillane becomes infatuated with the old woman (who represents Ireland), and this infatuation drives him to join a band of Irish rebels fighting for freedom. In "Araby," the main character is similarly obsessed with Mangan's sister, and the thought of her is enough to rouse him to some pretty dramatic emotion: "her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood" (30). Like Michael, the unnamed narrator of "Araby" is infatuated with a girl, and, also like Michael, this infatuation drives the narrator to perform deeds to win over said girl. The difference is that, instead of heading off to war, the narrator goes to Araby in an attempt to buy Mangan's sister a trinket. Through these parallels with the classic personification of Ireland as a female character, we can see Mangan's sister as potentially symbolic of the island itself. 

If we take this symbolism to be the case, then the end of the short story becomes very interesting indeed. At the end, the narrator fails to buy anything at the bazaar, and he realizes the foolishness of his actions and obsession. As such, it would appear that Joyce is throwing an element of disillusionment over Ireland's classic symbolic form. Perhaps, Joyce seems to be saying, it's not wise to allow metaphorical infatuation to govern our lives and drive us to perform deeds to prove our love/patriotism. In this sense, Joyce takes a step toward dismantling the symbolic female as Ireland trope.    

In Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, when and how does Montag realize he can no longer be a fireman?

Montag considers quitting his job as a fireman after a woman commits suicide by burning herself with her books. This event shakes Montag to his core because he doesn't understand why people would kill themselves over books. He decides to stay home sick the day after the woman dies so he can sort the situation out in his mind. He talks to his wife about not going back to work as a fireman, but it isn't until Montag speaks with Professor Faber that he finally decides he doesn't want that job anymore. Montag describes his frustrations with society to Faber by saying,

Nobody listens any more. I can't talk to the walls because they're yelling at me. I can't talk to my wife; she listens to the walls. I just want someone to hear what I have to say. And maybe if I talk long enough, it'll make sense. And I want you to teach me to understand what I read (82).

Faber teaches Montag about how people in their society don't care about reading, intellectual thinking, or overthrowing the government. If Montag doesn't like the way things are, he will have to do something about it on his own. Faber suggests, however, that the firemen would have to be taken out of the equation before they could convince the populace to support reintroducing books into their society. This talk interests Montag. It gives him a purpose in life because he admits the following to Faber:

This afternoon I thought that if it turned out that books were worthwhile, we might get a press and print some extra copies (85).

The fact that Montag wants to start printing books illegally shows he is not aligned with the philosophy behind his job as a fireman. Once Faber is willing to print more books as long as the firemen aren't a threat anymore, then the plan to frame firemen by planting books in their homes surfaces. When Montag and Faber both commit to this scheme, he officially stops being a fireman. Therefore, Montag realizes he can't be a fireman anymore once he commits to a life of sabotage in order to bring the government down.

In Hatchet by Gary Paulsen, in what ways has Brian changed since the airplane crash?

Prior to the crash, Brian was really just like the usual teenager. He was dealing with a painful divorce, but he is not particularly strong physically or mentally. At the time of the crash, he feels sorry for himself and is very scared at the prospect of being alone and trying to survive.

But as time goes on and he finds a great inner strength, he begins to mature, thanks to the difficulties he faces and the hard work he does to overcome them. He learns a great deal about how strong he is as he gets sick and hungry and hurt and finds that he can recover from all of it. By the time he finds the survival pack in the plane, he has come to feel that he is the master of his surroundings and has grown very confident in his physical capabilities.

He also matures mentally as he deals with both the challenges of the wilderness and the pain he still feels about the knowledge of "the secret" and the reason for his parents' divorce. His acceptance of his situation and the mental work he does to figure out how to move forward and survive build a great deal of mental strength within him over the course of the story.

Why are Malcolm and Macduff considered to be heroes in Macbeth?

Macbeth takes the throne by murdering the rightful king, Duncan, and upsets the natural order of things in Scotland. At the time, a king's rule was considered to be in accordance with God's will, so the murder of Duncan can be viewed as a rebellion against God's will. By taking the throne unlawfully, Macbeth throws Scotland into chaos. 

The two most prominent characters in the play who are resolved to restore order in the country are Macduff and Malcolm. Macduff is among the first to doubt the legitimacy of Macbeth's claim to the throne. He senses that Macbeth gained power by resorting to illegal means, and, of course, he is right. Macbeth murders Malcolm's father, Duncan, as well as Macduff's family. Both Malcolm and Macduff have two reasons to attempt to depose Macbeth. First, they want to restore peace and order in Scotland and make sure the rightful ruler takes the throne. Second, they are motivated to depose Macbeth because they want to exact revenge on him for killing all the innocent people, including their own family.

Malcolm joins Macduff in his quest to depose Macbeth, and they both succeed in defeating him and his army. They are heroes because they manage to save their country from the tyrannical rule of a cold-blooded murderer.  

Compare and contrast the characters of Coriolanus and Aufidius as well as their relationship with each other.

Coriolanus and Aufidius begin the play as military leaders from opposing sides. While Coriolanus is a Roman general, Aufidius leads the Volscians. Coriolanus is unyielding, brutal, and relentless in battle; similarly, the same can be said for Aufidius. If there's anything the two have in common at the beginning of the play, it's their prevailing and consuming hatred for each other. Each man's chief goal is to annihilate the other in hand-to-hand combat.

Despite their mutual hatred, however, the two men clearly admire each other. This can be seen in their meeting in Act 4 Scene 5, when Aufidius generously calls his arch enemy "noble Marcius," "worthy Martius," and "Mars" (the god of war). In fact, Aufidius really lays on the compliments, at one point using a sexual analogy and obvious sexual innuendoes to characterize his image of Coriolanus. Indeed, some of Aufidius' words may have made the typical English theatergoer blush:

Let me twine Mine arms about that body...Know thou first,
I loved the maid I married; never man
Sigh'd truer breath; but that I see thee here,
Thou noble thing! more dances my rapt heart
Than when I first my wedded mistress saw
Bestride my threshold.

...thou hast beat me out
Twelve several times, and I have nightly since
Dreamt of encounters 'twixt thyself and me;
We have been down together in my sleep,
Unbuckling helms, fisting each other's throat,
And waked half dead with nothing (from Act 4 Scene 5).

Aufidius maintains that Coriolanus looks better standing before him in his unkempt, savage state than his wife did on the day he (Aufidius) married her. Not only that, Aufidius confesses that he dreams of tackling Coriolanus in combat, where they undress each other in the heat of battle—dreams from which Aufidius wakes up "half dead with nothing."

Earlier in the play, Coriolanus admits that he thinks of Aufidius as a "lion" that he's "proud to hunt." Both warriors openly express their admiration for each other in their meeting. Coriolanus maintains that, had he been a man to fear death, he would have "of all the men i' the world" avoided Aufidius. However, he only comes to Aufidius "in mere spite, To be full quit of those... banishers" who have sentenced him to exile from his Roman homeland. He tells Aufidius that he means to join with him and to fight against his "canker'd country with the spleen of all the under fiends." For his part, Aufidius welcomes his adversary warmly. He intends to use Coriolanus' skills and knowledge (of Rome's strengths and weaknesses) to his advantage.

Here, we can see that Aufidius is more of a tactician than Coriolanus. He knows that Coriolanus has put himself in his grasp, but he doesn't take advantage of his enemy immediately. Instead, Aufidius concentrates on his goal to defeat and subjugate Rome; so, he sees beyond the moment and chooses not to focus on vengeance. On the other hand, Coriolanus is intent only on avenging the loss of his station and power. He fails to see that his alliance with Aufidius may prove to be a double-edged sword. Coriolanus is too focused on the surface, immediate possibilities of the partnership; in the heat of his emotional angst, he has failed to grasp the logistics of such an alliance. This is a major difference between both men.

In the end, at the behest of Volumnia and Virgilia (his mother and wife respectively), Coriolanus withdraws from battle with Rome. Aufidius is none too pleased with his ally's decision and characterizes his lack of fortitude as an act of cowardice. He brands him a "traitor," someone who breaks "his oath and resolution like a twist of rotten silk." Meanwhile, Coriolanus accuses Aufidius of being a liar. The argument between both soldiers end in Coriolanus' death at the hands of Aufidius' men.

Aufidius is ever the master tactician; he uses situations to his advantage. Even after he is betrayed by Coriolanus, he resorts to pointing out Coriolanus' sins before the people (how Coriolanus has "widow'd and unchilded many a one" in Rome) to argue his case. Aufidius cleverly lays the foundation for his final action: the act of presiding over Coriolanus' death. By hook or by crook, Aufidius aims to prevail, and he does. For his part, Coriolanus has definitely underestimated his arch enemy!

From Spinelli's Stargirl, what qualities about a person make them attractive? Why do you think Stargirl is attracted to Leo?

There are usually two reasons for why people are attracted to each other: either they find a lot of similarities in one another's characters and/or personalities, or opposites simply attract. For Leo, Stargirl is attracted to him because she knows he is similar to her. They are both non-conformists; that is to say, they are unique individuals and not followers. For example, the student body of Mica Area High School ebs and flows with whatever or whomever is popular at the time. They are fair-weather fans, one might say. When someone hates Stargirl, for instance, people treat her without respect, but she doesn't care. Also, when everyone seems to hate Stargirl, Leo doesn't share their disgust with her. Leo is the only one who can see past the prairie dress and the odd name. For example, when Stargirl says she will go on the interview show called Hot Seat, Leo says the following:

"First I was surprised. This didn't fit my impression of her. I didn't know that this was an early glimpse of something I was soon to see much more of: behind the dazzling talents and differentness, she was far more normal than I had realized" (43).

Stargirl, therefore, must be attracted to Leo because she knows that he can see her for who she is. Everyone in the student body can't get over the fact that she dresses differently and doesn't live according to the majority's way of thinking. Leo understands this to a certain point, which allows his heart to be open to her invitations to be friends. It's not until classmates shun Leo and Stargirl for dating that Leo loses some of his individualistic tendencies. But in the beginning, not only is Stargirl attracted to Leo's looks, but she is attracted to his open, although somewhat shy, personality.

How can Willa Cather's My Antonia be summarized?

Cather’s novel is the story of Antonia Shimerda, a Bohemian immigrant to Nebraska, and her friendship with Jim Burden, an orphan who travels to Nebraska to live with his grandparents. The novel is told as Burden remembers it later in his life. Far from being a romanticization of the homesteader experience, Cather’s story deals forthrightly with the harshness of life on the plains and the very different sorts of lives Jim and Antonia come to lead, in part because of differences in social standing and ethnic background.

The novel can be broken into three sections. In the first section (Book 1), the Shimerdas arrive in Black Hawk and Antonia and Jim become fast friends. Jim teaches Antonia English and attains a kind of hero status with her when he kills a large snake. Antonia’s father, a respected musician in Bohemia but unable to do any useful work in his new home, commits suicide, and Antonia becomes a field hand to help make ends meet.

The second part, Books 2 and 3, deals with Antonia’s life as a teenager. She becomes a servant for two families in Black Hawk—the Harlings, and then the Cutters. Meanwhile, Jim is preparing to go to college. Antonia is a free-spirited girl, and chafes when the Harlings try to regulate her social life. She quits to work for the Cutters, despite the head of the household Wick Cutter's bad reputation. Jim saves Antonia from Wick's attempted attack, but Antonia’s budding sexuality and her open, trusting manner make her an easy mark for men. She runs off to Colorado with a train conductor. When she becomes pregnant, he abandons her. She returns to Black Hawk in disgrace. Jim, meanwhile, has left Nebraska to attend college in the east.

The last part of the book, Books 4 and 5, tell the story of Antonia’s young womanhood, her hard work on the farm, and her eventual marriage to a local Bohemian man, Cuzak. Jim, now an educated man of consequence, returns from the east for a visit and visits Antonia, and her many children, on her farm. Although their lives have turned out very differently, the book ends with the sense that the bond of friendship between Jim and Antonia will never be broken.

Although the events of the plot may seem trivial, the real power of the novel comes from Cather’s realistic portrayal of her characters and their relationships with each other and the endless prairie that surrounds them. Among the many achievements of the book, perhaps the greatest is how Cather shows how Jim and Antonia can be very different people, even while inextricably bound to each other by shared experience and a shared landscape.

How can I write a good thesis explaining how the use of cell phones, specifically texting, has affected the youth of today and their communication...

In order to create a thesis statement for this paper you should consider the following questions:

1. What is your main argument?


2. What evidence will you present to support your argument?

Your thesis statement should frame your main argument and the supporting arguments you will present based on your evidence.

Prompt: How has the use of cell phones, specifically texting, affected the youth of today and their communication skills?

For this prompt, you will want to dive into the topic of texting as it relates to communication. What do you think about texting? Does it help or hurt young people with communication? Does it support or hinder friendships and professional relationships? How do young people communicate differently through text messages, email, and in voice conversations?

If your argument is that cell phones, and specifically texting, have had a negative impact on youth communication skills, you may consider sloppy spelling skills, antisocial behavior (inability to talk to someone in person), or problems being "in the moment" when they are wrapped up in a texting conversation.

If your argument is that cell phones, and specifically texting, have had a positive impact on youth communication skills, you may consider the development of remote friendships, social circles in texting (emojis, emoticons, memes), or the advantage of being able to proofread messages.

Of course, you may write an essay that deals with both negatives and positives. Or, you may write an essay that argues neither; maybe you instead focus on how communication has changed over time, but is no better or worse than it ever has been. Whatever your argument, you will want to research your position in detail. To get a start on this topic, check out the links below.

What correlations may exist between racism and health issues?

A growing body of research suggests that racial discrimination may contribute to emotional and physical problems for minority populations. Being discriminated against has been associated with increased risk of stress, depression, common cold, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and breast cancer. Social epidemiologist Nancy Krieger calls this phenomenon “embodied inequality” (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10379455).

A disconcerting statistic supporting this link between race and health outcomes is found in infant mortality rates. The U.S. Office of Minority Health, a division of the Department of Health and Human Services, cites a 2013 report of the infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic whites at 5.1 per 1,000 live births, compared to 11.1 for non-Hispanic blacks (http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=4&lvlid=23). Researchers point to socio-economic factors affecting this disparity, but the black infant mortality rate is still higher than those of other races when controlling for socio-economic factors. Research suggests another possible cause—that black women are subject to greater social and emotional stress due to real or perceived racism.

Racism or discrimination leading to stress can influence a range of health outcomes and can create a cycle in which socio-economically disadvantaged people are more likely to experience stress and have fewer resources to combat the problem. Studies suggest even the fear of experiencing racism can lead to stress that then has physical consequences (http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300620).

Additionally, systemic racism (expressed by social or governmental institutions, rather than individuals or groups) may account for some disparity in health outcomes. Studies have found that unconscious biases among physicians can lead to inequitable treatment of black patients.

Is David Copperfield realistic fiction, fantasy, or science fiction?

David Copperfield is realistic fiction, because the events could happen in real life.

Fantasy usually involves magic, and science fiction uses technology we do not really have yet.  Realistic fiction tells about events that could easily happen in our world.  This book takes place in the past, because it was written in Victorian England.  The story is about a boy who loses both of his parents, suffers abuse at his stepfather’s hand, is sent away to school, and finally ends up living with an aunt.  It tells the story of David’s life, from childhood to adulthood.

One of the themes of the book is the mistreatment of children.  Young David is mistreated by his stepfather after his mother remarries.  She is weak, and cannot protect him against her domineering husband and his mother.  They are emotionally abusive of both of them and physically abusive of David.

'Mr. Murdstone! Sir!' I cried to him. 'Don't! Pray don't beat me! I have tried to learn, sir, but I can't learn while you and Miss Murdstone are by. I can't indeed!'

'Can't you, indeed, David?' he said. 'We'll try that.' (Ch. 4)

David is sent off to school.  This is another favorite topic of Dickens, because the school teaches the boys hardly anything and mistreats them terribly.  Until David is with Betsy Trotwood he is not loved.  She is his great-aunt.

David falls in love with Dora Spenlow, a beautiful but timid and useless girl.  She dies in childbirth, and eventually he marries Agnes, who is a stronger woman and generally better for him.  David therefore is happy in the end. 

The book is considered semi-autobiographical, but was written when Dickens was still young.  It has an overall youthful and naïve outlook on life.  Everyone ends up happy.  David’s first wife is just a pretty little thing who has no real substance, but she dies and he is able to marry someone who can be a good wife to him.

A particle follows a path defined by y = 8-3t^2-5t. At what time is the particle at ground level?

A particle follows a path defined by `y=8-3t^2-5t`

The variable y represents the height of the particle for a given time t. 

The particle is at ground level when y=0. For this problem, set y=0 and solve for t.

`y=-3t^2-5t+8`

`0=-3t^2-5t+8`

`0=-(3t^2+5t-8)`

`0=-(3t+8)(t-1)`

`t=1,t=-8/3`

Since time may not be negative the final answer is t=1 second.

Final Answer: The particle is at ground level at 1 second.

To what extent does Haddon present Christopher as courageous in the novel?

Haddon presents Christopher as courageous because Christopher is willing to go beyond his usual boundaries to find out the truth about who killed Wellington, the dog, and about what happened to his mother. When Christopher realizes that his neighbor, Mrs. Shears, is lying to him about what happened to Wellington, he decides to find out what really happened. He says that he "felt happy because I was being a detective and finding things out" (Chapter 59). Carrying out this type of detective work is difficult for Christopher, as he has a form of autism spectrum disorder and cannot always navigate the outside world, despite his intelligence in areas such as math.

In carrying out his detective work, he has to speak with people he does not know, which is very difficult for him. He says in Chapter 67, "So talking to the other people in our street was brave. But if you are going to do detective work you have to be brave, so I had no choice." While facing new situations is daunting to him—as he can't even stand to have the furniture moved—he also decides to head to London to look for his mother. This journey involves moving well beyond his comfort zone, but he is motivated to find out the truth about his mother. In this sense, he is courageous because even traveling on a train and going to a new place are undertakings that are very novel and frightening for him.

Explain how and why the African-American Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s transformed America.

The African-American Civil Rights Movement had a big impact on the United States. As a result of this movement, there were many changes made throughout the country, especially in the South. The South had legalized segregation as a result of the Jim Crow Laws. Many public facilities were segregated. This began to change as a result of the Civil Rights Movement.

The Brown v Board of Education case overturned the “separate but equal” concept that was ruled legal with the Plessy v Ferguson case of 1896. In 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott began to protest the segregation on city buses in Montgomery. This boycott lasted 381 days until segregation on buses was declared illegal. More schools were placed under desegregation orders. This often led to confrontations, such as the confrontation at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.

More actions occurred in the 1960s. The Freedom Riders went to the South to highlight the segregation that existed in the South. They were often attacked as they rode through the South. Sit-ins became a common form of protest to highlight the lack of opportunities African-Americans had. This form of protest was used in many restaurants that refused to serve African-Americans. The Selma March was met by violent resistance by the police. This was captured on film and showed to the nation. A few weeks later, another march was held. People marched from Selma to Montgomery to protest the lack of African-Americans who were registered to vote in Selma. This led to the Voting Rights Act that made it illegal to use literacy tests and poll taxes to prevent African-Americans from voting. It also allowed federal workers to register voters.

Many of the changes that occurred in the South in the 1950s and in the 1960s spread to the North in the 1970s. For example, many school systems in the North were placed under desegregation orders. These changes were often met with anger and with resistance.

As a result of the efforts of the people in the Civil Rights Movement changes occurred across the country giving African-Americans equal access to public places and more opportunities in general.

What are some moments in the play The Lion and the Jewel where Baroka is depicted as being clever?

Baroka is portrayed as the wisest character throughout the play The Lion and the Jewel and there are several scenes which depict his cleverness. In the first act entitled "Morning," the village girls participate in the "dance of the Lost Traveler" which depicts how the foreign photographer makes his way to the village of Ilujinle. After taking pictures of Sidi bathing, the lost traveler incurs the anger of the villagers, who bring him in front of the Odan tree. Baroka understands that the foreign photographer has the ability to give his village prestige and treats him with benevolence. Baroka cleverly gets him drunk and encourages him to take many photographs. The photographs end up in a magazine which portrays Ilujinle in a positive light.

Later on in the play, Lakunle explains how Baroka cleverly influenced the railroad surveyor to avoid running the tracks through the village of Ilujinle by giving him gifts and money. The surveyor "miraculously" looks at his map and declares that the ground is unsuitable to support the weight of a railroad. Baroka successfully foils the Public Works project by using his cleverness to bride the surveyor.

Baroka is also depicted as being a clever individual by successfully spreading a false rumor about his impotence to lure Sidi to his home where he convinces Sidi to sleep with him. Baroka knows that his wife, Sadiku, will gossip, which is why he tells her that he is impotent and no longer a man. Sadiku tells Sidi, and Sidi believes that Baroka is no longer a threat to her. When Sidi arrives at the Bale's palace, Baroka shows her a machine that makes stamps and promises Sidi that her face will be on every stamp leaving Ilujinle. Baroka cleverly uses Sidi's vanity against her and his plan works to perfection.

What two enemies does the kingdom of Scotland face? How are they overcome?

At the start of the play, the kingdom of Scotland faces two enemies: Norway and a rebellion led by the Scottish traitor to the throne, Macdonwald. Both enemies are essentially overcome on the battlefield. First, Macbeth and Banquo fight the rebels, led by Macdonwald. The injured captain tells Duncan that

brave Macbeth (for well he deserves that name)

Disdaining Fortune, with his brandished steel [...]

carved out his passage

Till he faced the slave [and]

unseamed him from the nave to th' chops" (Act I, Scene 2, lines 18-24).

He paints a vivid mental picture of Macbeth, slashing through a thicket of bodies to forge a path to Macdonwald, and, once he reached the leader, Macbeth thrust his sword through the man's stomach and ripped him open all the way up to his jaw.

Then, the captain explains, just as Macbeth and Banquo were turning away from their victory over the rebels, the Norwegian king saw his opportunity to attack while they were tired. The king then brought a fresh army, and even though Macbeth and Banquo were clearly alarmed by the prospect of another battle, "they doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe" and won (Act I, Scene 2, line 42). Scotland, then, really owes its safety to the bravery of its champions on the battlefield.

What is the path of the nerve impulse that travels through your body from stimulus to response?

Sensory information is gathered by receptors throughout the human body.  Sensory receptors are stimulated by stimuli coming from the external environment as well as the environment inside of the body.  In this example, let's assume that touch is the stimulus.  

Pressure on receptors in the skin like Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles can deform the capsule covering the dendrites of the sensory neurons that they encapsulate.  This will open mechanically-gated channels within the dendrites of the sensory neurons and create a graded potential as sodium ions enter the neuron in that region.  If enough pressure is applied, enough channels will open and enough sodium will enter to bring the voltage difference across the neuron's membrane to the threshold (-55mV from the resting membrane potential of -70mV).  Because sodium ions are positively charged, when they enter the cell, the charge on the membrane becomes more positive.  This reaching of threshold allows an action potential to be sent through the sensory neuron.  This sensory neuron is the 1st order neuron in the pathway.

The 1st order sensory neuron or neurons will synapse with the second order neuron or neurons in the spinal cord or brain stem.  At this point, decussation or crossing over from the right side of the body to the left (or vice versa) will occur.  This is why it is said that the left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the brain (and vice versa).  This frequently occurs in the medulla oblongata.  

The 2nd order neuron then ascends to the thalamus of the brain and synapses with the third order neuron which carries an action potential to the primary somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum.

Integration and processing of the incoming sensory information occurs in the cortex and then motor information that is sent to the effectors (in this case skeletal muscles).  Assuming that a direct pathway is used, the upper motor neuron will originate in the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum and if it is stimulated enough to reach threshold (this has to happen every time in order for a neuron to generate an action potential), then an action potential will be sent down toward the lower motor neuron.  The upper motor neuron typically synapses with the lower motor neuron in the spinal cord after decussation. The lower motor neuron then carries the action potential to the effector.  

In this case the effector is a skeletal muscle.  The action potential from the lower motor neuron will cause the release of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle fibers.  The acetylcholine will cause the opening of ligand-gated sodium channels at the motor end plate and this will eventually lead to contraction of the muscle.  This contraction could cause a person to move his or her arm in response to the touch (the original stimulus).

How is Elena's background different from Eugene's in "American History"?

Elena is Puerto Rican and she lives in a tenement building for immigrants. Eugene is from Georgia, white, and lives in the two-story house next to Elena's building. It seems as if Eugene's family is well enough off financially; although, they must be going through a transition in life, or a career change, because they are a long way from Georgia. Plus, Eugene's mother is a nurse, his father also works, but his mother says that their stay in the house next to El Building is only temporary. They don't want to live in their current situation for long.

Elena, on the other hand, is accustomed to salsa music, prejudice at school, and listening to her parents dream of a better life. Being from Georgia, Eugene is most likely used to being in the majority at school, so this is a big change for him when he moves to Patterson, New Jersey and must attend Public School Number 13. Based on the way Eugene's mother treats Elena, Eugene is more than likely not accustomed to experiencing any type of prejudice towards him. Even though there are major differences in their backgrounds, Elena seeks friendship from Eugene and she is surprised to be received well rather than rejected by "snobbery."

Outline criticisms of Von Thunen's Theory of Economic Rent.

Von Thunen was a German geographer who devised a model to explain the location of various forms of land use. In particular, his model was devised after observing land use around cities in Germany in 1826.

His theory of Economic Rent stated that use of land would be decided by the interplay between transport costs (price of getting goods to market) and the economic rent (money that land is worth) that the land commands.

The closer to the central place, the more expensive the economic Rent, but the cheaper the transport costs. In this case the farmer would use the land in a very intensive manner to make as much profit as possible. If the farmer were to buy land with cheaper economic rent further from the city, then using it for market gardening would be cost inhibitive. Not only would this land require many costly inputs such as labour and fertiliser, it would also have high transport costs as market garden produce needs to be at the market regularly to sell.

The furthest land from the city would be much cheaper with a low Economic Rent because of its distance from the market. The transport costs, however, would be high also. In this particular situation an extensive land use such as livestock would be the best as it only needs a few visits to the market.

Although the model makes sense and is useful in deducing generalised land use patterns, it has been criticised for the assumptions it is based on.  

Firstly, Von Thunen based his model on pre industrial Germany – where roads, trains and heavy and light industry did not exist. This type of cultural landscape hasn’t existed in many developed nations for centuries thus reducing its usefulness in a modern context

It assumes that an area has only one major central place in a uniform physical environment (flat, uniform soil and climate as well as no rivers or mountains) The variety of physical environments that exist in actuality have a huge influence on location of land use. Added to this assumption is that the central place is isolated from other areas due to wilderness. This assumption therefore doesn’t take into account the reliance on trade that exists in most modern countries.

The model does not suggest how changing technology would influence the model. It is based on horse and cart technology of 1820’s Germany.

There are many criticisms of Von Thunen’s Theory of Economic Rent (Land Use Location) . Despite this, the nature of a model is that of a starting point and not an answer. By adding one change at a time a Geographer can still use this model to explain theories of how land is used.