What does Harper Lee, the author of To Kill a Mockingbird, think of the character Jem?

Although the story in To Kill a Mockingbird is told from the point of view of Jem's little sister Scout, Jem is one of the main characters in the book. The book is a coming-of-age story, not only about Scout, but about Jem as he learns to put himself in others' shoes, as he wrestles with the reality of injustice in his town, and as he learns to become a man of integrity like his father.

The book covers about three years of the children's lives. Jem is nine when the book opens, and almost thirteen when it closes. At the beginning of the book, Jem is fully a child. He eagerly believes ghost stories with Scout and Dill, he fears to approach Boo Radley's house, and he sees nothing wrong with playing a game that makes fun of Boo. Partway through the book, Jem starts to hit puberty. He gets taller, he becomes moody, and he no longer plays with Scout like he once did. He mulls over things a great deal more than Scout, and figures things out before she does.

One early example of this figuring out is in Chapter 8. Prior to Chapter 8, Jem has thought long and hard about the fact that Boo Radley fixed a pair of pants that Jem left in his yard, and that Boo had apparently been leaving little treasures in the old tree for Jem and Scout to find. But Jem has said nothing about any of this to his father.

Then in Chapter 8, Jem and Scout have been standing in front of the Radleys' house to watch a neighborhood fire. Later they find that someone has placed a blanket around Scout's shoulders. This is too much for Jem, and he begins telling his father all his worries about Boo:

Jem seemed to have lost his mind. He began pouring out our secrets right and left ... omitting nothing, knot-hole, pants and all.

"—he's crazy, I reckon, like they say, but Atticus, I swear to God he ain't ever harmed us, he ain't ever hurt us, he coulda cut my throat from ear to ear that night but he tried to mend my pants instead..."

At this point, Scout still feels a spooky fear of Boo Radley, but Jem has begun to realize that Boo is a human being who means them no harm. This is very cleverly done, since it is Jem's insight but is told from Scout's semi-comprehending point of view.

Another example of when Jem understands more than Scout, and feels more deeply, is during the trial. Scout faithfully reports all that was said during the trial, and she understands some of it, but Jem is hanging on every word, fully invested, making comments like "We've got him" when Atticus shows that Mr. Ewell is left-handed (Chapter 17). In Chapter 21, waiting for the jury's verdict, Jem is confident: "Don't fret, we've won it. Don't see how any jury could convict on what we heard." After the jury bring back their guilty verdict for Tom Robinson, Jem is shocked and crushed: "It ain't right.  How could they do it, how could they do it?"

This is a turning point for Jem. The morning after the trial, Miss Maudie serves the children cake as she often does, but she serves Jem a piece from the big cake instead of baking a tiny cake for him, as if he is an adult now.

Later that day (Chapter 23), Jem and his father have a long conversation (which Scout overhears) about in what ways the system is broken and how it could possibly be fixed. Jem proposes we "do away with juries. He wasn't guilty in the first place and they said he was."

"If you had been on that jury, son, and eleven other boys like you, Tom would be a free man," said Atticus. "So far nothing in your life has interfered with your reasoning process."

So now we have Atticus's opinion (which is also Harper Lee's) that Jem is a boy of integrity, one who is learning to think clearly about the law and about life.

What does the title A Northern Light mean, and why did Jennifer Donnelly choose this?

Unfortunately, Jennifer Donnelly has never shared explicitly why she chose this title or the meaning behind it. As with all parts of a text, they are open to interpretation!

A Northern Light is a work of young-adult historical fiction, set in the year 1906 in Upstate New York. The story follows Mattie Gokey as she struggles with her obligation to work on her father's farm and her dream of becoming a writer. Along the way, Mattie takes up work at a nearby hotel where out-of-town people like to spend their summer vacations. Mattie is pulled into the mysterious death of a young woman named Grace Brown, and she is the only person who can really find out what happened to her. The bulk of the book takes place over just a few days, but Donnelly stretches out the story with intimate details of people's thoughts and feelings. This coming-of-age story is a truly powerful read!

The title, A Northern Light, plays off of a phrase many people are familiar with-- the northern lights. This is another name for the aurora borealis: the electron activity that takes place in the night sky near the poles of Earth, creating beautiful displays of light and color. However, light need not be taken so literally; it can also mean a source of inspiration or hope. Mattie's life can seem pretty dark and dreary at times. She is responsible for much of the work on the farm, as well as the care of her younger sisters, and she's studying for exams! With so much on her plate, she feels overwhelmed and trapped. When Grace Brown comes into her life and Mattie comes to know her posthumously through her letters, Mattie realizes the importance of the opportunity that has been offered to her. The book ends with Mattie saying, "I have to, because she can't." Though she doesn't say explicitly who can't do what, one can interpret that Mattie feels a sense of duty to Grace Brown's memory. Mattie identifies with the dead Miss Brown, who was also young, plain, and in love with a handsome boy. Mattie, like Grace, felt trapped by the possibilities of her life-- did she really want to be a wife and mother with no time to read and write? Or worse, an unwed mother? I think that Mattie was inspired to go to college and become a writer in honor of this girl's life. She would not participate in the legacy of young women having their dreams squashed by societal obligations.

Northern refers very much to the setting of the book. The Adirondack region of Upstate New York is referred to as the North Woods in the book. 

Which scene in Shakespeare's King Lear is known as the "heath scene"?

The "heath scene" you're referring to in Shakespeare's King Lear is most likely Act 3, Scene 2, in which King Lear and his Fool wander on a heath in the midst of a terrible storm. This scene is perhaps one of the most important moments in the play, as it focuses on one of the play's most important themes: the meaninglessness of the human condition in the face of the unfeeling, pitiless forces of Nature. The barren and desolate setting of the scene serves as the perfect backdrop for Lear's ravings, as the old man launches into a tirade against injustice, his family's betrayal, and the hopeless nature of his position. Moreover, the storm in which the characters wander becomes a metaphorical representation of Lear's agonized emotional and mental state. All in all, the heath scene illustrates the tragic plight of human existence faced with the wild anarchy of Nature.

Please explain to me the meaning of the quote, "Freedom and slavery are mental states."

This is something Mahatma Gandhi said and its context is:

The moment the slave resolves that he will no longer be a slave, his fetters fall. He frees himself and shows the way to others. Freedom and slavery are mental states. Therefore, the first thing is to say to yourself; ‘I shall no longer accept the role of a slave. I shall not obey orders as such, but shall disobey them when they are in conflict with my conscience.’

Gandhi was the leader of the Indian movement for independence from British rule. He advocated the use of non-violent techniques and he strongly influenced Martin Luther King, Jr.'s leadership of the Civil Rights movement in the U.S.

A person's physical context may have little or nothing to do with their psychological context. Humans have the opportunity to choose responses to others, including those who would be oppressive. All the authority in the world cannot stop each individual from making this choice. People can obey oppressive authority or we can respectfully choose not to obey it. 

There are many good historical examples of individuals making this choice. For example, resistance against Hitler and the Nazis rose quickly in Europe and a significant number of people chose not to obey the Nazis. In the U.S., those who ran the "Underground Railroad" and thus freed slaves opted to break laws both in the north and the south in order to set people free.

Later, during the Civil Rights movement in the U.S., Rosa Parks continued to sit where she was on a bus despite a driver ordering her to the back. She did not act oppressed; she acted as though she had the freedom and ultimately her actions in concert with the actions of others, won that freedom. 

In China, Nien Cheng was imprisoned during the Cultural Revolution but she chose how she responded to her captors. For example, instead of reading Mao's Little Red Book, she would reconstruct in her mind poetry she had learned as a young person. Her mind was free even if her body was captive. 

The human mind is powerful and can transcend the worst of circumstances. Human beings have to keep remembering that there is a choice: we can cooperate with oppression or choose to be free. That is what Gandhi meant. 

In George Orwell's Animal Farm, how is the animals' vision of an ideal state shattered by the conditions they experience under Napoleon's...

It might be difficult to use the word "shattered" given the slow and carefully managed nature of the decline in the animal's conditions. One of the ways that Napoleon managed the animals was by constantly shifting their expectations and managing the flow of information so that their understanding of their conditions and the changes were not totally clear.

The hoped for decline in work is always put off into the future; it will come after the new windmill is finished, and when that project is destroyed, it is easy for Napoleon to blame the increase in work on the destruction rather than on the way the pigs are taking more and more of the resources while doing no work. Napoleon and the pigs organize more and more formal celebrations and pronouncements to distract the animals from their worsening conditions.

And because the changes happen slowly over the course of several years, the animals don't have as clear a comparison between when conditions were good and when they are abysmal, as they are at the end of the book. Because the decline is managed (along with the message) by Napoleon, the animals adapt and struggle to really quantify just how bad things have gotten.

`(1+0.09/12)^(12t) = 3` Solve the equation accurate to three decimal places

`(1+0.09/12)^(12t) = 3`

In solving these kind of problems we need to use the logarithm.

Take the log of both sides of the equation.

`log_(10)((1+0.09/12)^(12t)) = log_10(3)`

With logarithms we know that;

`log(a^b) = bloga`

using that rule;

`log_(10)((1+0.09/12)^(12t)) = 12tlog_10(1+0.09/12)`

`12tlog_10(1+0.09/12) = log_10(3)`

`log_10(1+0.09/12) = log_10(1.0075) = 0.003245`

`log_10 (3) = 0.4771`

`12txx0.003245 = 0.4771`

`t = 0.4771/(12xx0.00325) = 12.252`

So the answer is t = 12.252

What four things led to American distaste for the Vietnam War?

From the way this question is worded, I infer that you have been given four ways that you are supposed to remember.  If that is the case, you should check your textbook and/or class notes because that is the only way you can be sure to get the exact answer your teacher expects to see.  Different people could answer this question in different ways and we have no way of knowing which answers are the ones you are supposed to give.  That said, here are some factors that helped lead to American distaste for this war.  Please note that not all Americans would have believed each of these things.

• The war did not seem important to US interests.  To many Americans, a war in far-off Vietnam was not worth the cost in blood and money because it did not have a direct impact on the US. 


• The war seemed imperialistic.  To some Americans, this was a war in which the US was simply trying to impose its will on a Third World country.  It seemed that we were trying to control Vietnam rather than letting them determine their own type of government.


• The way the war was being waged seemed immoral.  To some Americans, the US military in Vietnam were the bad guys.  They were destroying villages in order to save them.  They were killing innocent civilians, whether by accident or by negligence.  They were spraying chemicals on the forest, harming the environment in order to make it easier to find the enemy.  All of these things made the US military seem, to many Americans, as if it was fighting a “dirty” war.


• Communism was not such a bad thing in the minds of some Americans at that time.  In those days, many young Americans felt that communism was really not a bad ideology.  They felt that it was wrong for the US to kill people and destroy property in order to stop the spread of this ideology.


• The US government was lying to the people about the war.  The government constantly put out upbeat messages about how the war was going.  These turned out to be untrue, or at least debatable.  As the war dragged on, a “credibility gap” arose that sapped American support for the war.


• The US was not able to win the war easily.  Our military was able to inflict defeats on the enemy but we were never able to erode their will to fight.  This led to a situation where Americans were frustrated with our seeming inability to win the war.

All of these are possible reasons why Americans turned against the Vietnam War.  However, I do not know which four of these your instructor wants to see (or even if I have listed all of the four factors he or she wants).  Therefore, I strongly suggest that you consult your book and/or notes.

What are Mormons?

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (sometimes called LDS Church or Mormonism) is a sect of Christianity founded by the Prophet Joseph Smith in the 19th century. People who are members of the LDS Church are called Mormons. 

Mormons are similar to other Christian denominations in the fact that they believe in Jesus Christ as the Savior. Their major divergence from other sects of Christianity is that they include the Book of Mormon in Scripture alongside the Bible. The Book of Mormon holds that Jesus Christ visited the Americas long before any European explorers and ministered there, establishing a peaceful society. Members of the LDS Church believe that a prophet named Mormon (hence the name of the Church) recorded this occurrence on golden plates and his son later buried them in a hill in the state of New York. In 1823, Joseph Smith found these plates in the hillside and translated them to English and founded the Church. The Book of Mormon is believed to have been a revelation of new information concerning Christ's actions in the Americas.

Mormons also differ in some of their social behaviors compared to other Christian sects and the greater population. They abstain from alcohol, cigarettes, caffeinated beverages, and illegal drugs. Modest dress is also favored by Mormons, and though this is encouraged in most faiths, Mormons (especially women) feel quite strongly that dressing modestly is a duty. 

Though the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints was founded in New York and flourished in the Western United States, the faith has spread around the world. Outside of the United States, the nations with the most members of the LDS Church are Mexico, Brazil, Chile, and Peru. 

What important realization does Bruno make about Maria in Chapter 6 of The Boy in the Striped Pajamas?

In Chapter 6, Bruno asks Maria if she likes their new home at Out-With. Maria avoids the question by asking Bruno how he feels about the new home. Bruno then expresses his displeasure and negative feelings about living at Out-With. When Maria tells Bruno that his father knows what's best for the family, Bruno says that his father is stupid. Maria is shocked and tells Bruno to never say that about his father. Maria goes on to tell Bruno about how caring and sympathetic his father has been to her. She explains to Bruno how his father took her into his home, fed her, and gave her a job. Bruno then suddenly realizes that Maria is a person with her own life and history. Bruno gains perspective and thinks about how Maria must feel leaving her friends and family behind. This startling realization makes Bruno feel a "little funny inside." Maria does not go into further detail about how she feels about Bruno's father and his decision to leave Germany but insists that Bruno keep his negative thoughts to himself.

Please provide quotations from Romeo and Juliet about judging a person by their name.

In the balcony scene, Juliet says,

'Tis but thy name that is my enemy.
Thou art thyself, though not a Montague.
What's Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot,
Nor arm, nor face. [...]
What's in a name?  That which we call a rose
By any other word would smell as sweet.  (2.2.41-47)

She means that it is only Romeo's name that is her enemy; she doesn't hate him for himself, but only for his name, and his name isn't really a part of him.  His name is not a part of his body, like an arm or foot.  She thinks that, ultimately, a name is meaningless because a thing would still be what it is, even if it were called something different.  Thus, one cannot judge a person by their name because a name is not essential to the person.

Romeo says that if Juliet loves him, he'll "be new baptized. / Henceforth [he] never will be Romeo" (2.2.54-55).  Thus, he seems to agree that names mean relatively little in comparison to other, more important, considerations like love.  He'd rather be loved than be called a Montague.  Likewise, if his name is hateful to Juliet, he says that it's hateful to him, too, and that if he had it written down, he "would tear the word" (2.2.62).  He would give up any name for her.  Again, if names are meaningless and so easy to shirk, then they really are not an appropriate basis for judging another.

Why does the pump arrive shortly after Azucena's death?

Isabel Allende provides irony to her short story “And of Clay We Are Created” when the pump arrives after Azucena’s death. While Rolf Carlé, a news reporter, stays with the little girl, who is buried to her neck in the clay from a volcanic eruption, his girlfriend attempts to secure help for the rescue as she watches from the National television station. Anytime she is not intently watching the action on the television screen, she is making phone calls to officials to get a pump to Rolf Carlé and Azucena so Azucena can be rescued. The situation becomes ironic when the pump arrives the morning after the little girl dies and sinks under the mud. With Rolf at Azucena's side, she put up a valiant struggle, but help came too late to save her. Her struggle and death allow Rolf Carlé to release his internal conflict and emerge as a changed man.

By then I had obtained a pump and was in touch with a general who had agreed to ship it the next morning on a military cargo plane. But on the night of that third day, beneath the unblinking focus of quartz lamps and the lens of a hundred cameras, Azucena gave up, her eyes locked with those of the friend who had sustained her to the end.

The little girl’s story, which had audiences riveted to their television sets, is over before the needed equipment arrives. Although it is too late to save the little girl, the pump becomes a symbol of Rolf’s release and eventual return to life free from the baggage of his past. Azucena's death allows him to live. His girlfriend knows it will take time to heal from this ordeal, but she vows to stand by him.

Beside you, I wait for you to complete the voyage into yourself, for the old wounds to heal. I know that when you return from your nightmares, we shall again walk hand in hand, as before.

What are ten characteristics of General Zaroff?

General Zaroff, the antagonist in Richard Connell's short story "The Most Dangerous Game," should be considered a "static" character because he never changes over the course of the story. He is, however, a "round" character because he has several distinguishing characteristics:

• astute: Zaroff is quite capable of accurately assessing people and situations. When he is dining with Rainsford he seems to be sizing up his guest.


• narcissistic: Zaroff has an obsessive interest in himself as judged by his conversation where he basically discusses his life and his passion for hunting.


• sociopathic: Zaroff has a mental disorder which is displayed in his anti-social behavior and lack of conscience. He finds it perfectly just that he is able to hunt men.


• shrewd: When Zaroff escaped Russia after the revolution he was smart enough to invest in American securities so he could sustain his lavish lifestyle.


• educated: Zaroff is well-read with a large library including every book on hunting, and he is portrayed as reading the works of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius toward the end of the story.


• cosmopolitan: Rainsford notes that Zaroff was a "cosmopolite" because he was quite sophisticated in his clothes, from the finest tailor in London, and in the fine furnishings of his chateau, procured from all over the world. 


• skilled: Zaroff has grown to be a skilled hunter, so much so that animals posed no challenge and so he began hunting men. He seems to easily track Rainsford over the most difficult of trails.


• barbaric: In his diabolical practice of hunting down men, Zaroff is truly a barbarian. It is ironic that such a cultured and educated man would resort to such barbarism.


• godlike: Zaroff holds the power of life and death over the men he hunts and so has become like a god.


• passionate: Above all, Zaroff is passionate about his hunting. He could not abide his growing boredom with the sport, so he went to great lengths to produce a new type of hunting.

What changes in Jerry does his mother perceive during their beach vacation in "Through the Tunnel"?

In "Through the Tunnel," Jerry's mother perceives that Jerry wants to become more independent, be more proficient at swimming like the older boys, and attain his rite of passage.

When Jerry and his mother come to the usual beach for the vacationers on their first day of vacation, she notices Jerry look toward a rocky bay and then back at the beach on which they have sat on previous vacations. She asks him if he would rather go somewhere else, but Jerry runs after his mother as though out of contrition for his desires.

And yet, as he ran, he looked back over his shoulder at the wild bay; and all morning, as he played on the safe beach, he was thinking of it. 

On the second day, Jerry's mother asks him again if he would rather go somewhere else. Jerry tells her he would like to have a look at the rocks over at the rather wild-looking bay. After some hesitation, his mother tells him,

Of course, Jerry. When you’ve had enough, come to the big beach. Or just go straight back to the villa, if you like.

Happy she gave him her approval, Jerry hurries to the wild beach and runs into the water. Initially, he feels lonely and looks back at his mother. Soon, however, Jerry ventures out to where some older boys were on some wild-looking rocks. They dive from a point into the sea that forms a pool among the rocks; then they emerge and swim around, pull themselves out, and wait to dive again in turn. Fascinated, Jerry watches. He then swims up to the rock and takes his place to dive, proud he can perform as well as the others.

When the boys dive down under the water and re-appear some distance away, Jerry realizes they must be passing through something under the water. He submerges himself, but cannot see exactly where they swim. He calls out, but the other boys gather their things and depart. Alone now, Jerry returns to the villa where he and his mother are staying. He goes to his mother and demands some swim goggles. As soon as his mother buys him goggles, Jerry runs off to the bay with them in his hands.

Jerry puts on the goggles and immediately submerges himself in his effort to discover the opening in the rocks where the boys have passed. After some time, Jerry discovers the hole of the tunnel through which the others have swum.

He knew he must find his way through that cave, or hole, or tunnel, and out the other side.

Jerry returns to the villa as he realizes he must learn to hold his breath for some time. Also, he must be able to propel himself through this tunnel as a rite of passage to adulthood. He practices holding his breath for hours. He looks at the clock one day after holding his breath and realizes he has held it for over two minutes.

When his mother announces that in another four days they will return home, Jerry decides to attempt his swim through the tunnel. After he submerges himself, he dives inside the hole in the rock. He swims for a while, then worries he will not succeed.

He must go on into the blackness ahead, or he would drown. His head was swelling, his lungs cracking. . . he feebly clutched at rocks in the dark, pulling himself forward, leaving the brief space of sunlit water behind. He felt he was dying.  

Finally, Jerry sees light and swims out through the tunnel, his rite of passage complete. Although his goggles are filled with blood, Jerry is satisfied because he has done what the other boys have. He returns to the villa, where he tells his mother he can hold his breath for two or three minutes.

In The Dispossessed by Le Guin, what can we glean about how economic systems are influenced by human relationships?

The novel essentially addresses two types of collectivist societies: anarchistic and communistic. While a communist society is predicated on a dictatorship of the proletariat (working class), an anarchistic society is predicated on the notion that a central authority is unnecessary. Communism relies on one-party rule; thus relationships within the party are extremely important. Since the controlling authority is based on a hierarchical system, each layer within that hierarchy is subordinate to the one above it. Thus, the integrity of the one-party system largely depends on how well individuals can leverage relationships to their own advantage within that system.

As can be seen in China, the one-party communist rule is rife with power struggles and conflict. In her book, Le Guin proposes a collectivist model that does away with the centralism of the communist model. As an example from the novel, Anarres is predicated on an anarchistic model.

There was to be no controlling center, no capital, no establishment for the self-perpetuating machinery of bureaucracy and the dominance drive of individuals seeking to become captains, bosses, chiefs of state.

On Anarres, the idea is that "no community should be cut off from change and interchange." The free exchange of ideas is central to anarchism; on the other hand, the central authority in a communist society unilaterally sets party policy for all members, regardless of individual input. Dissent and debate are scarcely tolerated as a practice in any communist society that relies on this one-party rule. While individuals within a communist hierarchy must cultivate key relationships to preserve their political interests, anarchists can choose to cultivate fulfilling relationships according to individual preferences and desires.

On Anarres, there is no forced labor; instead, a loosely-bureaucratic computerized system (Divlab) allocates assignments to individuals based on their education and abilities. Everyone shares with another (or at least, is expected to). There is a degree of trust between individuals on Anarres that is not common to either Terra or Urras. In fact, on Anarres, "solitude (is) equated with disgrace." If one is banished to a single room within a domicile, it usually means that one has "egoized" to the detriment of social harmony. Generally, relationships are based on free will. These support an economic system largely predicated on mutual reliance, tolerance, and egalitarianism.

Aside from sexual pairing, there was no reason for not sleeping in a dormitory. You could choose a small one or a large one, and if you didn't like your roommates, you could move to another dormitory. Everybody had the workshop, laboratory, studio, barn or office that he needed for his work; one could be as private or as public as one chose in the baths; sexual privacy was freely available and socially expected; and beyond that, privacy was not functional.

On A-Io in Urras, the producers are totally banished from the face of commerce. The most powerful relationships are those between the buyers and sellers. Shevek asserts that Urras has everything: "enough air, enough rain, grass, oceans, food, music, buildings, factories, machines, books, clothes, history." However, he argues that Urras does not have true human freedom; the masses are slaves to their material wealth. The whole economic system on Urras is sustained by the principle of the survival of the fittest.

On Anarres, nothing is beautiful, nothing but the faces...We have...nothing but each other...our men and women are free--possessing nothing, they are free. And you, the possessors are possessed. You are all in jail. Each alone, solitary, with a heap of what he owns...

On the other hand, the economic system on Anarres is sustained by its emphasis on individual rights and its focus on social harmony. The thesis of the story is that the free exchange of ideas between worlds (human cooperation across political ideologies) can sustain an optimal economic system that simultaneously values egalitarianism, technological progress, mutual reliance, and tolerance.

What were the most prevalent tribes of Native Americans in the Northwest?

The Native Americans in the Northwest, which encompasses the coast of British Columbia, parts of Alaska, Washington state, Oregon, and northern California, included (and still contains) many tribes and nations. They were among the most prosperous Native Americans, as they had a steady supply of food and well-constructed shelter.

The tribes in this region include the Tlingit, a matrilineal tribe that lives in the Alaskan panhandle, the Yukon, and British Columbia. Other tribes in the northern part of the Northwest include the Haida, the Nisga'a (which absorbed the Tsetsaut people), the Tsimshian (who today number about 10,000 people in British Columbia and southern Alaska), the Gitxsan, the Haisla, the Heiltsuk, the Nuxalk (the northernmost of the Coastal Salish people who are also called the Bella Coola), the Wuikinuxv, the Kwakwaka'wakw, the Wakah, and the Nuu-chah-nulth.

The Coastal Salish people, who live in Vancouver Island, the Strait of Georgia, Puget Sound, and the Olympic Peninsula, are among the largest groups of Northwest Native Americans. Other groups in the southern part of the region included the Chimakum (now largely absorbed by other Salish peoples), the Quileute, the Willapa, the Chinook, and the Tillamook. The Chinook were one of the most prevalent and powerful tribes in the region, in part because their location on the Columbia River allowed them access to trade. The Nez Perce, who were in parts of what today is Oregon, Washington state, and Idaho, were the largest tribe that Lewis and Clark encountered in 1805 on their journey between the Missouri River and the Pacific Coast. 

Would you favor the Federalists or the Anti-federalists? Why?

This answer depends on your political ideas and, to some extent, what your socioeconomic circumstances were.

For the most part, people who were strongly involved in the market economy supported the Federalists.  These were people who were involved in buying and selling goods.  They might have sold imported goods in stores or they might have exported cotton from their plantations.  Conversely, people who were more self-sufficient favored the Antifederalists.  These were the many people who farmed for themselves and who largely just traded with their neighbors for anything they did not grow or make on their own.  You would likely have decided which side to support based on your economic circumstances.

You might also have made this decision based on your political ideas.  Do you think that the federal government is likely to threaten your freedom?  If so, you would probably be an Antifederalist because they wanted the states to have most of the power.  Do you think that the common people are too likely to make really bad laws that will weaken our country?  If so, you would probably support the Federalists because they wanted a strong central government that would be less closely tied to the people’s opinions.  You would probably have chosen between the Federalists and the Antifederalists based on your economic circumstances and/or your political beliefs.

What does Cherry mean when she says, "Bob wasn't just anyone"?

In the story, Bob is Cherry's boyfriend. By all indications, he's not a very sympathetic character; he's a bully and an arrogant member of the Soc gang. During an incident, Bob was one of four Socs who badly injured Johnny (a Greaser) when they beat him up. On another occasion, Bob participated in the attack against Ponyboy, another Greaser. During this attack, however, Johnny accidentally stabbed Bob to death in his effort to prevent Ponyboy from being drowned by the group of Socs.

So, when Ponyboy asks Cherry whether she will go and visit Johnny, she declines. Her excuse is that Bob was her boyfriend, and she could never look on the person who had killed Bob. Cherry thinks that Bob was special, not 'just any boy.' She imagines that Bob would have been different if he hadn't drank so much. Even here, Cherry makes excuses for her former boyfriend; she thinks that Bob drank because other people sold him the liquor. So, in other words, Cherry doesn't think Bob was to blame for drinking, nor was he to blame for being violent while under the influence of alcohol. Instead, Cherry blames the alcohol and the people who sold it to Bob for Bob's poor life choices.

In all, Cherry claims that Bob was always a charismatic figure; when he was alive, he inspired people to look up to him and to follow him. She believed that her former boyfriend was somehow different and 'maybe a little better' than the crowd.

What is a summary of the Prologue to This Bloody Mary Is the Last Thing I Own by Jonathan Rendall?

Prologue: Tiffany at the Sahara

Rendall, a British boxing and gambling journalist, begins his journalistic journey through boxing with the cryptic words, "It was a few hours after Frank Bruno attacked me at Betty Boop's Bar in the lobby of the MGM Grand that I decided to get out of boxing." He continues even more cryptically with references to the "listing white Plymouth" he is driving and to "Holmes's falling body." Either intrigued or befuddled, the reader takes a journey in the prologue to the Sahara and, accidentally, to Tiffany.

We imagine Rendall, the narrator and subject, walking from the MGM Grand. He tells us it's late and that he is trying to maneuver the listing car "away from Caesar's Palace," indicating that he had gone elsewhere (to Caesar's) from the MGM following the earlier misadventure and epiphany. He had come to Las Vegas to see the Holmes versus McCall boxing match. Rendall marks the time for us by saying the fight was "all ready over" (you have to be quick to keep up with his switches through time) before telling us that he had left the fight while it was still in its twelfth round. It seems the crowd was against Holmes, but "he was too cagey."

Now Rendall is limping his listing Plymouth to a "crossroads where he can go left to the Sahara," in all but derelict Downtown Las Vegas, or right "up the Strip to the Alladin." He notices a pattern of traffic flowing "right to left." He decides to "go with the flow" and heads left to the Sahara. Rendall takes a few stream-of-consciousness digressions, first declaring that "payday" or not, he is getting out of boxing. He wonders why Holmes, at age forty-six and reportedly wealthy, is still fighting. He bemoans the Plymouth's condition again while telling himself it is a "bad line of memory."

And then there was the Plymouth. Such a nice car when I hired it. White and shining, four good wheels. But this is a bad line of memory...

His second digression is to reminisce over the past of the Sahara Casino, a quiet by-way of a casino that once hosted the greats, like Dean Martin, but now hosted senior citizens looking for a little quiet gambling action, located in "Downtown Vegas," which was "about to be torn down."   

[It was] the sort of disappearing place Hollywood directors kept filming as if Vegas was still like that, when it wasn't.

Rendall digresses a third time with thoughts of how the Sahara could become his new Aladdin, a place to be a "secret place" in Vegas, since the Aladdin was getting a make-over with the suites being turned into three separate guest rooms. Then recalling his thoughts, he berates himself for thinking about a new Aladdin when he has determined to leave boxing and Las Vegas.

He digresses in stream-of-consciousness once again to the Friendship Inn and Roy, "[s]uch a sweet guy," whom he had gotten caught up in the Frank Bruno incident (which is still vaguely mysterious to us). We learn they were planning a Mike Tyson TV documentary that Rendall would write; he would "put it together." Frank Warren was to make the connection for them with Tyson, but Warren showed up unexpectedly at the MGM with Frank Bruno, whose trademark bright blue suit seemed threatening even at a distance. Rendall describes Roy's face as he looked on at what happened, wanting to help but unable to: Roy said, "I have never been involved in anything remotely like this in my entire career in television."

Then Rendall's thoughts jump to Steve (another random name we can't identify) who pretended not to know Rendall "when Bruno made his move," even though Rendall had done business favors for Steve. Whenever his wandering thoughts hit upon something unpleasant, he regulates his thoughts away from a "bad line of memory" by saying "Forget it," and "Don't even think about it." Steve had been with him, laughing, "the night before" when he drove the Plymouth the wrong way into "Bally's car park," triggering the security spikes, which harpooned the tires (so that's why the rented Plymouth lists).

Rendall finally arrives at the Sahara. As he turns in, his headlights flash on a high-heeled girl crossing his path; she was "about twenty-one years old, black, wearing a bikini top and bright pink lipstick." When he enters from the "moonless, wet night," he is surprised to see a packed house with "muscular men and women whooping and shouting." After asking, he is told the "LAPD convention" booked the casino. He sat down in one of the two empty seats at the bar, and Tiffany, the "girl from outside," immediately sat at the other. Their conversation revolved around her interest in two hundred dollars, although he does tell her some boxing stories, adding "the Frank Bruno incident at the end." When she learns that the "people here tonight" are the "LAPD convention," she about flies out the door, her "Fuzzy Navel" cocktail still in hand.

Rendall's digressions begin again, triggered by the absence of a clock in the casino; casinos don't have clocks. He laments his lost ten years, dreams of a rest in the country, gazing "sleepily at the green and blue horizon," as all washes away. His daydream of the country, helped along by his own Fuzzy Navel, washes in with the room:

[It was] ebbing away, their whole world receding like a spinning globe. ... [It] hurtled, close-up glimpses writhing and rearing up for an instant, ... rattling voices, in snap-shots of doomed dances, to snatches of mournful tunes. And then it was gone.

He leaves the Sahara, puts his Fuzzy Navel down by the Plymouth, turns and sees Tiffany, still clutching her drink, walking in her high heels toward the Strip and other casinos.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using naturalistic observation?

Naturalistic observation, often used in psychology and other social sciences, involves examining subjects in their usual settings, without intervention of any sort. The advantage is that this type of observation helps the observer understand the way a subject really acts in his or her environment, and this type of research can be inexpensive and easy to implement. This type of research can add to the validity of the observations, as subjects' behavior can change in a laboratory or clinical setting. Another advantage of this type of research is that often it is not ethical to put subjects in a clinical setting or remove them from their natural environment. The disadvantage of naturalistic observation is that the observer might be changing the behavior of the subjects without meaning to do so. In addition, the observer might lack structure to the way he or she observes; therefore, the observations of two different researchers about the same phenomenon or subject might vary because they are not observing in a structured way. 

What is the exposition of the book Speak by Laurie Halse Anderson?

Expositions are used to introduce background information about events, settings, and characters.

The exposition of the book Speak introduces readers to the narrator.  Her name is Melinda Sordino.  She is riding on the bus on her way to her first day of high school at Merryweather High.  That tells readers her approximate age.  Readers also learn that Melinda is not well liked by just about everybody.  Something happened at the end of the previous school year, and Melinda is the cause of that; therefore, everybody treats her like a pariah.  Not even her former friends want anything to do with her.  The only student that does want to actually talk to Melinda is a student named Heather. Readers also learn that what happened a few months ago was that Melinda called the police and had a party shut down.  That's why the students are holding a grudge against Melinda.  Lastly, the exposition includes details that something else really bad happened to Melinda at the party.  It's why she called the police, and she desperately wants to tell people about it, but she doesn't know how. 

What are the form and figurative language of Stephen Spender's poem, "My Parents kept me away from children who were rough?"

Stephen Spender's "My Parents kept me from children who were rough" is a poem written in free verse. That means it is unrhymed and has no specific meter. However, we can confirm by counting that the lines range from 10-12 syllables each, and many of the "feet" of the poem are anapests (two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed one, such as in the line "and who threw" where the stress is placed on the word "threw").

The poem is filled with similes:

"words like stones"

"I feared more than tigers their muscles like iron"

"they sprang out behind hedges / Like dogs to bark at our world"

The words within these similes help contribute to our understanding of the "rough children." The words "stones," "tigers," "iron," and "dogs" all carry the rough connotation that the author is trying to convey.

Another device that has the same effect is metaphor. The poet says, "I feared the salt coarse pointing of those boys." Thus, the pointing of the boys is compared to coarse salt - not a pleasant feeling!

The tone of the poem is most strongly conveyed through the device anthesis. This device uses contrast in order to prove a point. So in this poem, the speaker discusses all of the things that the rough children are, and by doing so he also tells us everything he is NOT. He tells us all the horrible things the other kids do, which emphasizes his position as a victim.

The speaker also seems envious of how free the other children are, even though he resents their bullying. We can see this in the title and first line, where he states that his parents keep him away from the others, implying that it is not his own decision to avoid them.

Hope this helps! 

What was the significance of the Zimmerman note?

The Zimmerman note, or telegram, was significant because it was one factor leading to American involvement in World War I. The German navy had used submarine warfare to disrupt British maritime trade, but this nearly caused a conflict with the United States, which protested when ships bearing American passengers were torpedoed. Eager to avoid war with the United States, the German imperial government pledged in 1916 not to attack American merchant or passenger ships without warning. But they decided in 1917 to renege on this pledge and resume submarine warfare without restrictions. This angered the US government under Woodrow Wilson, which nevertheless still did not declare war on Germany. The "note" in question was a telegram sent from the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to the country's diplomatic representative in Mexico. It outlined the following plan: If the United States declared war on Germany, then Mexico should declare war on the United States, and Germany would ensure, at war's end, that Mexico received the lands that it had lost as part of the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo in 1848. British intelligence intercepted and translated the coded telegram, however, and when it was made public, it played a major role in turning American public opinion against Germany and for war. Just one month after the contents of the telegram were published in American newspapers, the United States Congress declared war on Germany in April 1917.

How are "The Birthmark" and "The Artist of the Beautiful" by Nathaniel Hawthorne related?

These stories are related in terms of their characters; both Aylmer and Owen place their obsession with creating beauty above their concern for the women whose love could have made them happy.  Aylmer cannot simply love and appreciate his beautiful wife, Georgiana, because he becomes obsessed with her one "flaw": the tiny hand-shaped birthmark on her cheek.  Owen cannot simply love and appreciate the only woman who could possibly understand him, Annie, because he is too obsessed with creating his beautiful butterfly.  When she reaches to touch it one day, he grabs her so forcefully that he hurts and scares her. 

Both men are somewhat ethereal in nature: Aylmer is quite spiritual and philosophical compared to his assistant, Aminadab, and Owen is also rather small and given to imagination and fancy, especially compared to the blacksmith, Robert Danforth, and Peter Hovenden, Annie's father.  Further, when Owen learns that Robert and Annie are engaged, he feels that the "angel of his life had been snatched away," just as Aylmer's ill-advised experiment to remove Georgiana's birthmark snatches her away from him, even though his potion does actually work.  Both men are so obsessed with creating something of supreme beauty that it consumes them and leaves them without anything else of value: neither love nor companionship nor happiness.

What are some quotes that help the reader determine Ralph's character?

Ralph is a responsible leader who has his priorities in order. Ralph understands the importance of maintaining a signal fire to attract passing ships and continually reminds the group of boys about its significance. In Chapter 5, Ralph holds an assembly and says,

"The fire is the most important thing on the island. How can we ever be rescued except by luck, if we don’t keep a fire going? Is a fire too much for us to make?" (Golding 113).

Ralph is also a self-conscious individual who does not have confidence in his leadership abilities. Throughout the novel, Ralph continually mentions that he does not have the intelligence needed to be a proper chief. After the majority of the boys decide to leave Ralph's group, he tells Piggy,

"I ought to give up being chief. Hear ’em" (Golding 131).

Although Ralph is not a successful leader, he is a brave person who is sympathetic to the needs of others. In Chapter 11, Ralph travels to Castle Rock in order to retrieve Piggy's glasses. Ralph courageously challenges Jack to his face and says,

"You could have had fire whenever you wanted. But you didn’t. You came sneaking up like a thief and stole Piggy’s glasses!" (Golding 254).

In "The Pedestrian," what is Bradbury's message about people who do not watch tv?

The year is 2053 and like many Bradbury stories, it paints a bleak vision of the future. Leonard Mead is a writer who prefers walking to watching television. He admits (to the robotic policeman) that he does not even own a television. When he answers that his profession is "writer," the car records his answers as "no profession." Leonard admits there is some truth to this because he has not written anything in a few years. In this world, magazines and books do not sell anymore because everyone just watches television. Leonard is an anomaly. He gets more meaning and substance from walking the streets than he would from a mindless television show. 

Note how Bradbury describes the rest of the population. They mindlessly watch television every night. The are like zombies retreating to their "tombs" while Leonard is out walking around: 

Everything went on in the tomblike houses at night now, he thought, continuing his fancy. The tombs, ill-lit by television light, where the people sat like the dead, the gray or multicolored lights touching their faces, but never really touching them. 

Bradbury is clearly suggesting that Leonard is more thoughtful and intellectual with how he spends his time. The people that watch television are described as zombies. Every night, they imprison themselves in their homes to passively watch their shows. Leonard, who refuses to watch, stands out as a man who is still trying to actively experience things. 

What is the main point and what is surprising about the following article? Why? Braveman, P (2006). Health Disparities and Health Equity:...

In the first part of his article, Braveman (2006) discusses the terms “health inequalities,’ “health disparities,” and “health equity,” looking at Margaret Whitehead’s definitions of each as were applied in the 1990’s, the first time a “concise and accessible definition of health disparities/inequalities/equity was articulated” (p. 2). He provides tables that break down definitions and parameters of health inequalities/disparities/equity formulated by others and examines the methodologies used to determine these parameters (pp. 5, 7-11). Many of these previous definitions depend on measurements based on social position, “relative advantage and disadvantage in social hierarchies,” or on “particular kinds of comparisons that should be made between/among groups with different social positions” (p. 14), i.e., ethnic, cultural, gendered positions. Braveman (2006) indicates that there is need for a definition that considers the implications of both and introduces his own proposed definition and parameters for these terms, explaining his reasons for the changes, the values that underlie those reasons, and how the definition change contributes something new to our understanding of the terms. The main point of the article overall is that there is a need for change in the way we understand the concepts of health inequalities/disparities/equity, especially here in the United States. His reasons are two of the most surprising aspects of this article: first, that there currently is no consensus among sociologists, health professionals, or policy makers on the definitions of health inequalities/disparities/equity. Policy can determine “which measurements are monitored by national, state/provincial, and local governments and international agencies, but also which activities will receive support from resources allocated to address health disparities/inequalities and health equity,” and because a consensus is necessary for creating policies that can effect changes in health, it is startling that one unanimously-agreed-upon definition is nonexistent. Second, while most of Europe understands and acts on these concepts based on socioeconomic inequalities, here in the Unites States, we understand them based primarily on racial/ethnic inequalities, and because the two often go in hand, we need a definition that adequately measures both. Braveman (2006) points out that most of us have an understanding of human rights as political and civil ones but “human rights also encompass economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to a decent standard of living, which in turn encompasses rights to adequate food, water, shelter, and clothing requisite for health, as well as the right to health itself,” and because “almost every country in the world has signed one or more agreements that include important health-related rights” (p. 17), it is vital that the world powers come to an agreement on how to define these terms in order to create policies and allocate resources that address them.

Why do you think Morrison would choose to include racial slurs when telling the story of how the hilltop town of Medallion came to be called "The...

Morrison may have chosen to include the racial slurs to underline how pervasive racism was in her time. The unofficial name of Medallion (The Bottom) was actually derived from sophistry and deception; essentially, "The Bottom" was a cruel joke played by a white farmer on his slave.

According to Morrison, a white farmer had promised his slave freedom and a piece of bottom land if he consented to perform some very difficult chores. Bottom land is a reference to the fertile land of the valleys (as opposed to hilly land). However, the white farmer pretended that the hilly land was actually bottom land (or valley land). Unwilling to part with the fertile land he owned, the farmer tricked his slave into believing that the hilly land he was giving him was essentially good land. He even reiterated his lie by asserting that the hilly land was the bottom of Heaven and "the best land there is."

However, the slave soon discovered the lie when he tried to farm the hilly land, where "planting was backbreaking, where the soil slid down and washed away the seeds, and where the wind lingered all through the winter." So, the racial slurs Morrison mentioned underlines how the slave was played for a fool by the white farmer. It also highlights the themes of suffering and betrayal in the novel.

Who are the round and flat characters in Lord of the Flies?

Round characters are well-developed characters that seem like real people; the author allows readers the opportunity to get to know these characters and sympathize with them. Flat characters, on the other hand, are less well developed and seem one-dimensional. They may be important to the story because of how they relate to other characters, but readers don't feel as if they know them to the degree they know the round characters.

In Lord of the Flies, Ralph, Jack, Piggy, and Simon are the round characters. Readers can see both positive and negative qualities in each of them. Ralph takes his leadership role seriously and sacrifices his own desires for the good of the others, yet he can still be mean to Piggy and gets caught up in the abuse of first Robert and then Simon. Jack has some magnanimous moments, especially near the beginning of the book, and Golding allows readers to feel some of the humiliation and rejection Jack feels, even though he is the main antagonist. Despite Piggy's intelligence and level-headedness, readers can understand how the other boys would find his frequent lectures to be irritating. Although Simon has deeper insights than the other boys, he suffers from shyness and isn't very persuasive or assertive.

Samneric, Roger, Maurice, the littluns, and the other boys are flat characters. Golding doesn't allow readers to enter very deeply into the thought processes of these characters. They behave consistently throughout the book--readers know what to expect of them. Samneric act and speak in tandem, and although they try to remain loyal to Ralph, they give in to Jack without much of a fight. Roger is the quintessential bully who only worsens as the book progresses. Maurice is a copycat and joker, but readers don't find out much else about him. The littluns are one-sided--so much so that many characters are lumped together under this designation.

Using flat and round characters, Golding allows readers to get to know a large group of boys, but most are known only at the surface level while a few are known more deeply. 

In Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, what is Nick's meaning when he balances Gatsby's supposed corruption against his incorruptible dream?

That line is delivered in Chapter 8, as Nick is waving good-bye to Gatsby on the morning after the disastrous Sunday afternoon trip to the city.  It is the last time he will see Gatsby alive.  Gatsby has just told Nick the truth about who he is (originally James Gatz of North Dakota) and of how he first fell in love with Daisy.

Nick calls Gatsby "corrupt" because he is a pretender.  His money is made from selling "grain alcohol over the counter" of a string of drugstores (this is during Prohibition).   This would be shocking to the guests at his parties, who had "guessed at his corruption," that is, guessed that his money was not honestly earned or inherited, though Gatsby is passing himself off as upper-class.

Gatsby has deceived Daisy as well.  When they first met, he did not intend to fall in love with her, pursue her, and marry her.  He was a poor boy who was besotted with the kind of life she lived (her house, for example), and wanted to belong to that world.  He knew that he could never do this, so he intended just to seduce Daisy and then get away before she realized that he had deceived her.  But they accidentally fell in love.  Then Gatsby was sent away to the war, and while he was gone, Daisy married Tom.  

Gatsby has spent the last four years trying to become what Daisy thought he was, so that he can win her back "honestly."  And this is his incorruptible dream: that he can actually turn himself into someone else ... into his "Platonic ideal" of himself, as Nick calls it.  James Gatz can turn into Jay Gatsby, and he can go back and re-create the past: he can be Jay Gatsby, truly rich, truly worthy of Daisy, and he and Daisy can fall in love as they did five years ago, but get married this time.  Gatsby's incorruptible dream is the whole scene: himself, rich and sophisticated, in love with Daisy, and Daisy in love with him.  Of course, it is not possible to achieve this, but Nick sees and, in a sense, respects Gatsby's dream.

In "When I Am An Old Woman," how does Jenny Joseph present her feelings of growing old?

In the poem, the narrator presents her feelings about growing old in a humorous and upbeat manner.

She portrays the idea of growing old as a period of great freedom. During her sunset years, she will no longer need to adhere to societal expectations for accepted behavior. As she presumably will have little responsibility for anyone but herself, Joseph maintains that she will be able to engage in activities that were previously considered socially unacceptable.

For example, the narrator looks forward to wearing clothes that don't match, just for the fun of it. She looks forward to spending her pension on frivolous items and later complaining about having no money to buy nourishing food. She maintains that it is the province of the elderly to do outrageous things, especially if they were responsible figures in their younger years.

The narrator looks forward to making up for the "sobriety" of her youth, learning how to spit, putting on weight, eating whatever she pleases, and learning rude manners. She revels in the idea of being able to sit down wherever she is, if she happens to be tired. For now, though, she believes she has to act respectably; after all, she must "set a good example for the children."

Despite wanting to set a good example, Joseph muses that she should probably start to "practice a little" these odd new ways she will take up in her elderly years; otherwise, people may be shocked when she is old and suddenly begins acting contrary to her present behavior. In all, the narrator presents her feelings of growing old in a lighthearted and upbeat manner.

When does Atticus teach the rest of Maycomb empathy?

The best answer to this question comes at the end of the trial, at which point Atticus delivers his famous closing speech. The following excerpt is particularly important in the context of this question:

"And so a quiet, respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated temerity to 'feel sorry' for a white woman has had to put his word against two white people's... The witnesses for the state... have presented themselves to you gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confidence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you gentlemen would go along with them on the assumption - the evil assumption - that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women..." (207)

In this section of his closing speech, Atticus points out the racist assumptions that led to the unjust accusation of Tom Robinson. Far from being a villainous criminal, Tom Robinson is a virtuous man who has been accused of rape simply because he is black, and Atticus goes to considerable lengths to pound this notion into the heads of the jurors. By doing so, Atticus attempts to teach the other residents of Maycomb some empathy. He reveals Tom Robinson as a victim powerless in the face of systematic racial oppression, and the realization of this fact is meant to inspire an empathetic reaction. In short, Atticus tries to encourage Maycomb to show Tom Robinson some human empathy, rather than regarding him as an inferior being. The efficacy of this effort is questionable (Tom Robinson is still found guilty of a crime he didn't commit), but the gesture remains an important attempt to force the residents of Maycomb to treat Tom Robinson with empathy. 

Who is Mr. Underwood in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird?

Braxton Bragg Underwood is the owner and editor of The Maycomb Tribune and is a close friend of Atticus Finch. Scout mentions that Mr. Underwood's days were spent on the linotype and that he always had a jug of cherry wine present. She also comments that Mr. Underwood rarely left his office because people brought him the news. In Chapter 15, Atticus is warned about the Old Sarum bunch and a few community members fear that they will attempt to cause havoc before the trial. As predicted, the Old Sarum bunch attempts to lynch Tom Robinson. Fortunately, Mr. Underwood witnesses the entire situation from his office window and is holding a double-barrel shotgun to cover Atticus the entire time. Following Tom Robinson's trial, Scout mentions that Mr. Underwood wrote an editorial that compared Tom's verdict to the "senseless slaughter of songbirds" (Lee 147). Although Mr. Underwood is a racist, he has a conscience and believes in justice. He disagrees with the jury's decision because he thinks that it is wrong to harm crippled, helpless individuals. Mr. Underwood's editorial gives additional insight into his moral character and depicts him as an empathetic individual.

What happens between Assef/Wali/Kamal and Amir/Hassan? What does Assef threaten?

If you are referring to Assef's threat to Hassan, your answer lies in Chapter Five. The first mention of Assef, Wali, and Kamal occurs in that chapter. Amir tells us that Assef is the son of an Afghan father and a German mother. Blond, blue-eyed, and tall for his age, Assef is described as the terror of the "Wazir Akbar Khan section of Kabul." With his stainless-steel brass knuckles, Assef savages anyone who dares to thwart his schemes. He is a sociopath, and he delights in hurting others. In the story, Wali and Kamal are Assef's faithful sidekicks. Assef is like a 'god' to his boy henchmen.

As the story continues, we discover that Assef is a bigot who thinks that only Pashtuns have a right to exist in Afghanistan; he considers Hazaras like Hassan unworthy of citizenship. When he gets ready to beat up Amir for being friends with Hassan, Hassan readies his slingshot in Amir's defense. Because Hassan is a good shot, Assef decides to pull back from gratifying his immediate desires. However, he threatens Hassan and Amir, promising future repercussions for their actions. For Amir, Assef ominously announces that, someday, they will face each other one-on-one. For Hassan, Assef promises that they are not finished with each other. This sinister proclamation foreshadows Hassan's rape at Assef's hands in Chapter Seven.

In Chapter Seven, Hassan is ambushed by Assef, Wali, and Kamal when he goes to retrieve the kite on Amir's behalf. When Hassan refuses to hand the kite over to Assef, all three boys corner Hassan and overpower him. While Kamal and Wali hold Hassan down, Assef rapes Hassan mercilessly. With this despicable act, Assef brings to pass his earlier threat from Chapter Five.

What are three ways the society in the story makes its citizens equal?

We can actually interpret this issue in two ways, both of which help us understand the world in which this short story takes place.

First, we can describe the strategies or methods by which the society forces its citizens to be equal. The society in the story accomplishes this forced equality by passing constitutional amendments, by creating a governmental authority figure called the "United States Handicapper General," and by policing the public with agents of that Handicapper General. Personal handicapping devices are imposed on the citizens, devices that interrupt people's thinking, distort their voices, prevent the free motion of their bodies, and hide their physical appearances. For example, George's thinking is interrupted by a device that plays loud sounds in his head, and the ballerina's face is obscured by a mask.

Alternatively, we can describe the specific aspects of human diversity that the society erases, like intelligence, beauty, and strength. That is, they make everyone equally dumb, equally ugly, and equally weak. George's mental handicapping device in his ear interrupts his thinking, which stops him from processing ideas too deeply or for too long. The ballerina's mask prevents anyone from seeing how "blindingly beautiful" she actually is. And the weights strapped to Harrison's body prevent him from using his natural physical strength.

Does love make Romeo and Juliet better people? More accepting? More selfish? How does love affect individuals according to the play?

While love does make Romeo and Juliet more accepting of others, it also makes them more selfish. Love allows Romeo and Juliet to rise above the conflict between their two families. They seek to end the blood feud so that they may get married in peace, and while this aspiration is noble, it is also selfish. In pursuance of love, Romeo and Juliet disregard the ramifications of their actions. These ramifications include the deaths of Tybalt and Mercutio. 

However, love also causes some of the characters to act more compassionately. Examples include the Nurse and Friar Lawrence, both of whom go out of their way in order to help facilitate the marriage between Romeo and Juliet. Additionally, the deaths of Romeo and Juliet ultimately result in peace between the two families. In this way, the love between Romeo and Juliet acts as a force that binds everyone together. Unfortunately, this comes out the expense of the two star crossed lovers.  

How do Bud's feelings about Herman Calloway change throughout the course of the novel?

Initially, Bud is excited to meet Herman Calloway and believes that Herman is his father. Bud looks up to Herman and idolizes him by examining his band's flyers on his trip to Grand Rapids. Upon meeting Herman, Bud realizes that he is actually a grumpy old man who doesn't care about him. However, Bud is befriended by the members of Herman Calloway's band who are kind to him. When Bud goes to dinner with the band, Herman refuses to sit by him and even calls him a "scamp." Bud quickly begins to understand that Herman is not a sympathetic, positive individual, and he is happy to see Herman leave the dinner table. When Bud gets invited to stay at Grand Calloway Station, he tries his best to avoid Herman. Later on in the novel, it is revealed that Herman is actually Bud's grandfather and the dynamic of their relationship changes. Upon learning that Bud is his grandson and that his daughter has passed away, Herman breaks down and cries. Herman is overcome with pain when he finds out that his daughter has died, but now knows that Bud is actually related to him. The novel ends before Bud and Herman can begin to share a positive relationship, but it is suggested that Herman and Bud's relationship will flourish.

What is the purpose of the poem "The Convergence of the Twain"?

The "convergence" (colliding) of the "twain" (two) describes the collision between the Titanic and the iceberg that sank it. The purpose of the poem is to criticize human vanity and pride. Hardy (or the speaker of the poem) suggests that the audacious ship symbolizes human vanity. Although nature (in this case, the iceberg) might be indifferent to all human affairs, the poem also suggests that some force (God, nature, or the universe) has decided to demonstrate that this vanity is dangerous and that humans should give nature as much respect as they give themselves. 

In the opening stanza, the speaker describes the sunken ship. Note the remark about vanity: 

In a solitude of the sea 

            Deep from human vanity, 

And the Pride of Life that planned her, stilly couches she. 

The ship sits on the sea floor, far from "human vanity, / And the Pride" that went into constructing the ship. In the third stanza, the speaker notes the mirrors that "glass" (reflect) the "opulent" (rich people). Now, sunken, a sea worm crawls through the wreckage. In the fifth stanza, the fish must wonder why such "vaingloriousness" (riches and luxurious things) sits in the sea. Such pride and riches seem pointless in the grand scheme of things. Note that Hardy does not dwell on those who died in the tragedy. This is all a criticism of vanity. 

In addition to the criticism of human pride, the speaker suggests that this tragedy was intended by some "will." The speaker is ambiguous here. It could be God or nature itself as some kind of personified universal force: 

VI 

            Well: while was fashioning 

            This creature of cleaving wing, 

The Immanent Will that stirs and urges everything 

VII 

            Prepared a sinister mate 

            For her — so gaily great — 

A Shape of Ice, for the time far and dissociate. 

What are five questions you would ask Harper Lee if she was alive today?

Harper Lee was very reluctant to talk much in public, so there are many questions you could ask her. Harper Lee was a very interesting person. She grew up in Alabama, just like Scout, and her father was also a lawyer, so perhaps you could ask her some questions about her background and history. Her sister was also a very interesting person who still worked as a lawyer in their father's firm into her nineties, so maybe you could also ask her questions about her sister, if that interests you. Another notable fact about her is her friendship with another famous author, Truman Capote, so maybe there are some interesting questions there you could ask. Lastly, To Kill A Mockingbird was the only book she published until the very recent Go Set A Watchman, so perhaps you could ask her about the writing of the two novels and the long gap between their publications.

What is the theme of "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker?

One major theme of this story is that one's heritage is meant to be used and made a part of daily life, not preserved and put on a shelf or a wall.  Although mama and Maggie still regularly use their butter churn, Dee wants to take the dasher and the churn top as souvenirs of her heritage.  She doesn't intend to use them, as she says, "'I can use the churn top as a centerpiece for the alcove table, [...] and I’ll think of something artistic to do with the dasher.'"  Dee happily takes the items that her family uses to prepare their food on a daily basis because they have been handmade by other family members, and she seems to want to have something to show off.  It's the same for the quilts.  Dee says that she wants to hang them on the wall when they've been promised to Maggie, and she says that Maggie would be "backward enough" to use them every day, as if that were the wrong thing to do with them.  Mama realizes how wrong, how selfish, Dee is, and it seems that we, the readers, are meant to as well.  Dee's idea of heritage is wrong, but mama and Maggie have it right.

When did the Maya civilization end?

The date usually given for the disappearance and collapse of Maya civilization is 900 A.C.E.. At that point, the Maya, who had built great stone cities, complete with pyramids, palaces, temples, and other massive structures, suddenly abandoned these cities. The cities had served as ceremonial centers for the Maya, and their collapse did not accompany a massive epidemic or other demographic disaster like the ones that characterized the post-Columbian world. Most of the Maya, in fact, were probably absorbed by neighboring peoples, while others persisted in the same areas in small villages with far less complex social structures. By 1200 or so, virtually all of the great Maya cities had been abandoned. The reasons for the Maya collapse are unknown, and remain one of the greatest mysteries of pre-Columbian America. Most scholars hypothesize that a combination of demographic, ecoological, and political factors brought about their downfall. But in any case, the collapse of the once-mighty Maya was virtually complete by the time Europeans arrived on the Yucatan Peninsula. 

What does Cherry Valance do in The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton?

Cherry Valance is a Soc who talks to Pony at the movies. 

Cherry becomes friendly with Pony when they meet at the movies. Pony does not interact with many Soc girls, but Cherry is different. She complains about Dally because he is crude to her and her friends, but she thinks Johnny is nice and Soda is handsome. She also likes to talk to Pony. She believes he is deeper and more sensitive than the other greasers. 

Cherry explains to Pony that things are tough for Socs, too. She makes him look at things from a Soc perspective. Not all Socs want to start fights or look down on greasers. Cherry may not want to hang out with Pony at school, but she is a nice person. 

It seemed funny to me that the sunset she saw from her patio and the one I saw from the back steps was the same one. Maybe the two different worlds we lived in weren't so different. We saw the same sunset (Chapter 3). 

Cherry is level-headed. When her boyfriend Bob shows up drunk at the movies, she refuses to go with him. He comes back, and she knows if he sees her with the greasers a fight could start. Cherry and her friend Marcia agree to get in the car.

A fight does start, and Johnny kills Bob. Cherry is upset, but she understands. She tells the police Bob was drunk and it was not their fault. Even though she loved Bob, she testifies for Johnny. Dally calls Cherry a spy because she tries to warn the greasers ahead of the rumble. 

She said she felt that the whole mess was her fault, which it is, and that she'd keep up with what was comin' off with the Socs in the rumble and would testify that the Socs were drunk and looking for a fight and that you fought back in self-defense (Chapter 6).

Cherry is still a Soc. She doesn’t hang out with Johnny at school. She knows that they can’t be friends. Nonetheless, she is a good person. She treats the greasers with respect. She doesn’t hold Bob’s death against them. She also testifies for them and tries to protect them. She is a genuine and good person.

How do Sam and the raccoon help each other in Chapter 12 of My Side of the Mountain?

Chapter 12 is called "In Which I Find a Real Live Man." Here Sam and Frightful first meet Jessie Coon James, a young raccoon who seems to be in need. They adopt him, take him home, and feed him. Eventually he accompanies Sam to the stream at dinnertime. Jessie is good at digging up mussels. Sam soon figures out how to use Jessie's techniques to his own advantage. If Jessie had foraged alone, she would have dug up mussels, eaten them, and then stopped digging whenever she was full. Sam let Jessie dig up the mussels, but then he would take the food away so that she would keep on digging. In this way, they help each other. The raccoon's stash feeds Sam first, and then Jessie eats the rest of the mussels she finds. Sam writes a recipe about mussel preparation in his notes.

How would "Winter Dreams" be different if Dexter had married Irene Scheerer after all? Would he have been able to achieve his life's ambitions with...

The questions that relate to Dexter's choices between Irene and Judy capture the possible tension between happiness and ambition.

Fitzgerald makes a clear case that Dexter could have found happiness with Irene.  Marrying her would have allowed him to experience contentment: "He knew that Irene would be no more than a curtain spread behind him, a hand moving among gleaming tea-cups, a voice calling to children."  Had Dexter married Irene, he would have had to settle down and raise a family.  As a result, she offered a stability needed for sustainable happiness. This development changes the story's arc.  Dexter's "winter dreams" would have been a passing phase in his life.  They would have had less of an effect on him because the daily realities of raising a family and domestic responsibilities would have crowded out his painful yearning for Judy.

Nothing in the text indicates that Irene would have threatened Dexter's professional ambitions.  She wanted nothing more than to complement Dexter, wanting only what was best for him. However, it is clear that Irene would not have been able to cure Dexter of his ambitious desire for Judy Jones.  While Irene would have wanted to be everything for Dexter, her limitations were unavoidable: "The thing was deep in him. He was too strong and alive for it to die lightly." Dexter's desire for Judy was so firmly embedded that no matter how hard Irene tried, she could not satiate it.

Fitzgerald is saying that there might have to be a choice between ambitions and a happy family life.  There are times when both of these run counter to one another and are incompatible.  Sacrificing one for the other is the only way to resolve this tension. Dexter chooses his ambition for Judy over the stability Irene offers.  As a result, Fitzgerald illustrates the danger in selecting personal desire over domestic responsibility.

In Act Four of Shakespeare's A Midsummer's Night Dream, the magic is reversed and Titania awakes: How does she react to her experience and how...

When the mischievous magic of Puck is reversed and Titania awakes in Act Four of A Midsummer Night's Dream, Titania believes she has been dreaming, stating, "what vision have I seen! / Methought I was enamour'd of an ass." Oberon then (quite comically) points out that Titania has been enamored of an ass... and that that donkey is lying right beside her! Titania can suddenly see clearly again, and although she does not recall how or why she had ended up next to the soundly dreaming Nick Bottom, she is certainly no longer interested in his company.

Another change is significant here, and that is the shift in the emotional tenor of Titania and Oberon's relationship. Titania and Oberon began the play battling over the Indian changeling child who Oberon wishes to use as his henchman but who Titania does not want to relinquish. After the magic has been reversed, however, all traces of this disagreement have vanished, and Titania seems to be in love with Oberon once again. Putting their problems behind them, the loving couple takes off into the night, with Titania expressing her renewed obedience to the fairy king:

Come, my lord, and in our flight

Tell me how it came this night

That I sleeping here was found

With these mortals on the ground.

Why would the society in Gathering Blue be classified as dystopian?

There are many characteristics of the society in Gathering Blue that make it dystopian, and perhaps one that breaks the rules for a typical dystopia. 

A dystopian society is usually understood as a future society in which the effort to create an ideal society, or utopia, has backfired, creating a culture that suppresses freedom and personal achievement, often in favor of a bland, homogeneous citizenry. The community in Gathering Blue fits this description, except for the part about the ideal society. It doesn't seem that anyone in the community is under the impression that their society is in any way ideal. They live in the shadow of the "Ruin," so they know they are a fallen culture. Even the Council of Guardians does not seem to promulgate the view that they represent any ideal way of life. 

Beyond that discrepancy, however, the Gathering Blue culture is dystopian in many ways:

The society uses propaganda to control the society, particularly in the ritual of the Annual Gathering with its singer's robe and song.

They restrict independent thought. Women are not allowed to read, and when Annabella says there are no beasts, she is presumably killed by either Jamison or the guardians.

Their worship is meaningless; they revere a "worship object," which is a cross left over from before the Ruin, yet they don't seem to even understand what it represents. 

Citizens are controlled by fear of the outside world; they are kept inside the community by fear of beasts, which no one has ever seen.

Citizens live less than fully human lives; they fight and bicker, and there are no uplifting roles in society, such as pastors, educators, or philosophers. The only artists are taken by the oligarchy and used for their purposes; they aren't allowed to use their gifts freely.

Citizens conform mindlessly to the desires of the leaders. Even though the leaders live in the modern Council Edifice while the citizens live in mud huts, the people don't display jealousy or rebellion toward the oligarchy.

Lois Lowry has portrayed a future dystopian society that complies well with the standard definition of a dystopia.

Heck Tate tampered with evidence to make it appear that Ewell was killed by falling on his own knife. What piece of evidence did Heck remove from...

In the story, Heck Tate removed Scout's dress and bits of her costume from the crime scene.

While Atticus insisted that Jem must have been the one to stab Bob Ewell, Heck Tate disagreed. He argued that Jem only wanted to "get him and his sister safely home." The sheriff wanted to protect Boo Radley from being forced out into the spotlight for his role in saving the children's lives. Knowing how much the community's focus would have overwhelmed Boo, Heck Tate advised Atticus to let things stand as it looked:

There’s a black boy dead for no reason, and the man responsible for it’s dead. Let the dead bury the dead this time, Mr. Finch. Let the dead bury the dead.

Heck's removal of Scout's dress and bits of her costume was also his way of protecting the children from undue blame for something they could not have been responsible for: Bob Ewell's death.

`int_0^4 1/(25-x^2) dx` Evaluate the integral

Recall that first fundamental theorem of calculus indicates that `int_a^b f(x) dx = F(x)|_a^b:`

`f(x)` as the integrand function

`F(x)` as the antiderivative of `f(x)`

"`a` " as the lower boundary value of `x`

"`b` " as the upper boundary value of `x`

To evaluate the given problem: `int_0^(4)1/(25-x^2)dx` , we may rewrite in a form of:

`int_0^(4)1/(5^2-x^2)dx` .

 The integral part resembles the integration formula for inverse of hyperbolic tangent function: `int 1/(a^2-u^2) du =(1/a)arctanh(u/a)+` C.

By comparison, it shows that `a^2` corresponds to `5^2` and `u^2` corresponds to `x^2` . Therefore, it shows that` a=5` and `u=x` .

By following the formula, the indefinite  integral function will be:

 `int_0^(4)1/(5^2-x^2)dx =(1/5)arctanh(x/5)|_0^4`

To solve for the definite integral, we may apply  `F(x)|_a^b= F(b)-F(a)` , we get:

`(1/5)arctanh(x/5)|_0^4 =(1/5)arctanh(4/5) -(1/5)arctanh(0/5)`

                                `=(1/5)arctanh(4/5)-(1/5)arctanh(0)`

                                  `=(1/5)archtan(4/5)-0`

                                 `= 1/5arctanh(4/5)`

  The `1/5arctanh(4/5)` can be simplified as  `0.2197` as rounded off value.

How are like and equal different things in A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle?

Alike and equal are not the same, because people should have equal rights without being forced to be like everyone else.

On Camazotz, conformity is the rule.  The kids should all bounce the ball the same way.  Anyone who does not do things exactly like everyone else is re-educated.  The populace is controlled by fear.

When Meg is trying to prevent herself from being brainwashed by IT, she tries reciting nursery rhymes, and when that doesn't work, the “Declaration of Independence.”  The concept of people being equal appeals to IT, and Meg ends up arguing with IT about the difference between “equal” and “alike.” 

"But that's exactly what we have on Camazotz. Complete equality. Everybody exactly alike."

For a moment her brain reeled with confusion. Then came a moment of blazing truth. "No!" she cried triumphantly. "Like and equal are not the same thing at all!" (Ch. 9)

If people have equal rights, that means they can make their own choices.  On Camazotz, people have no rights at all.  If they do not want to do things like everyone else, they are out of luck.  You can have different concepts that are equal, but still different.  For example, if someone wanted to bounce a ball on the ground, and someone else wanted to bounce it off a wall, both of these are equally good ways to use a ball.  They are not the same.

The concept of uniqueness is an important one in this book.  Before her journey, Meg was frustrated because she felt that she did not fit in.  As she went along, she came to see how her unique skills and personality traits made her special.  On Camazotz, being strong-willed and independent saved her from IT. Charles Wallace was not so lucky.  He was more easily taken in by the seductive nature of IT's message.

What are some pros and cons of globalization?

The major pro of globalization is that it has helped the overall world economy and, in many ways, has helped the economies of specific countries.  When globalization occurs, free trade thrives.  This has allowed many countries to become much richer than they had been. The most prominent example of this has been China.  Before the latest round of intensive globalization, China was a very poor country. Now, China is still not a rich country, but its economy has grown tremendously, pulling millions out of poverty. This sort of thing has happened around the world.  According to the link below, a billion people worldwide have been pulled out of poverty in the last 20 years or so, largely due to globalization.  This is clearly a very important positive aspect of globalization.

The major con of globalization is that it hurts specific parts of various countries.  When free trade increases, there is greater competition between people in different countries for jobs.  Inevitably, people in some businesses in some countries are hurt.  In rich countries, for example, blue-collar workers tend to lose out to cheaper labor overseas.  This can devastate specific industries and specific regions of the countries that lose out.  This is a major reason why populist politicians like Donald Trump can get so much political traction railing against free trade.

There are many other pros and cons of globalization. For example, globalization exposes us all to a greater diversity of cultures.  We can now watch soccer from England or cricket from India no matter where we live.  We can hear music or watch movies from other countries.  This enriches our lives.  On the other hand, globalization, in some people’s minds, kills indigenous cultures. Certain cultures, they argue, come to dominate the world and unique cultural traditions are lost. In other words, economic globalization is not the only kind of globalization, but it is the kind that gets the most attention.

Globalization has helped the world and its people in many ways, but it has also contributed to various problems that did not previously exist.

What was Pontiac's Rebellion? How did this rebellion affect the colonies?

Pontiac’s Rebellion began in 1763. Many Native American tribes had been very friendly with the French. The Native Americans were concerned when Great Britain got control over the land that France had previously controlled. When France lost the French and Indian War, they gave this land to Great Britain. Many of the Native Americans didn’t like or trust the British.

Pontiac was a chief of the Ottawa tribe. He led a group of Native American tribes in several attacks against the British. These battles lasted several years until Pontiac signed an agreement with the British.

This rebellion was important for the colonists. The British were concerned that the colonists would be harmed by these attacks. Thus, the British Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763. This law prevented the colonists from moving into the land that Great Britain had just received from France. The colonists were unhappy because they wanted to go and settle in this area. Some colonists disobeyed the law and went into this area. When the British passed the Quartering Act, which required the colonists to provide housing for the British troops that were enforcing the Proclamation of 1763, the colonists became more upset. These two laws were some of the early actions that eventually led to the start of the Revolutionary War.

What are some excerpts from the novel To Kill a Mockingbird that portray Jem's dream of being a football player when he is older?

Scout begins narrating the story by mentioning her brother's injury to his left arm and commenting on his passion to become a football star. She says,

"His left arm was somewhat shorter than his right; when he stood or walked, the back of his hand was at right angles to his body, his thumb parallel to his thigh. He couldn’t have cared less, so long as he could pass and punt" (Lee 1).

In Chapter 11, Atticus rewards Jem for his first day reading to Mrs. Dubose by giving him a football magazine. Atticus is aware that Jem
fantasizes about becoming a football star which is why he chooses an appropriate gift. Scouts says,

"Atticus had two yellow pencils for me and a football magazine for Jem, which I suppose was a silent reward for our first day’s session with Mrs. Dubose" (Lee 67).

In Chapter 23, Bob Ewell spits in Atticus' face, and the children begin to worry about their father's safety. Atticus notices that his children are dragging around the neighborhood and not eating. Scout says,

"He tempted Jem with a new football magazine one night; when he saw Jem flip the pages and toss it aside, he said, “What’s bothering you, son?”" (Lee 134).

Later on in the chapter, Jem tries to comfort Scout after Alexandra tells her that she cannot play with Walter because he is trash. Jem walks into his room and takes off his shirt to show Scout that he is growing hair on his chest. He proudly says, "Goin’ out for football next year" (Lee 138).

At the beginning of Chapter 27, Scout mentions that Jem is in the seventh grade and goes to the high school. She says,

"He went out for football, but was too slender and too young yet to do anything but carry the team water buckets. This he did with enthusiasm; most afternoons he was seldom home before dark" (Lee 149).

Later on in the chapter, Scout returns from school and decides to question Jem about Miss Gate's hypocritical statements. She walks into Jem's room and mentions,

"Jem was worn out from a day’s water-carrying. There were at least twelve banana peels on the floor by his bed, surrounding an empty milk bottle" (Lee 151).

When Scout asks Jem why he is eating so much, he says, "Coach says if I can gain twenty-five pounds by year after next I can play...This is the quickest way" (Lee 151).

Find the area of the zone of a sphere formed by revolving the graph of `y=sqrt(r^2-x^2) , 0

The function `y = sqrt(r^2 - x^2) `  describes a circle centred on the origin with radius `r ` .

If we revolve this function in the range `0 <=x <=a `, `a < r ` about the y-axis we obtain a surface of revolution that is specifically a zone of a sphere with radius `r `.

A zone of a sphere is the surface area between two heights on the sphere (surface area of ground between two latitudes when thinking in terms of planet Earth).

For the range of interest `0 <=x<=a `, the zone of interest is specifically a spherical cap on the sphere of radius `r `. The range of interest for `y ` corresponding for that for ` ``x ` is `sqrt(r^2-a^2) <= y <= r ` .

The equivalent on planet Earth of the surface area of such a spherical cap could be, for example, the surface area of a polar region. This of course makes the simplifying assumption that the Earth is perfectly spherical, which is not the case.

To calculate the surface area of this cap of a sphere with radius `r ` , we require the formula for the surface area of revolution of a function `x = f(y) ` (note, I have swapped the roles of `x ` and `y ` for convenience, as the formula is typically written for rotating about the x-axis rather than about the y-axis as we are doing here).

The formula for the surface area of revolution of a function `x = f(y) ` rotated about the y-axis in the range `alpha <= y <= beta ` is given by

`A = int_alpha^beta 2pi x sqrt(1+ ((dx)/(dy))^2) \quad dy`

Here, we have that `alpha = sqrt(r^2 - a^2) ` and `beta = r ` . Also, we have that

` (dx)/(dy) = -y/sqrt(r^2-y^2)`

so that the cap of interest has area`A = int_sqrt(r^2-a^2)^r 2pi sqrt(r^2-y^2) sqrt(1+(y^2)/(r^2-y^2)) \quad dy`

which can be simplified to

`A =2pi int_sqrt(r^2-a^2)^r sqrt((r^2-y^2) + y^2) \quad dy`

`= 2pi int_sqrt(r^2-a^2)^r r dy `  `= 2pi r y |_sqrt(r^2-a^2)^r = 2pi r (r -sqrt(r^2-a^2)) `

So that the zone (specifically cap of a sphere) area of interest A =

`= pi (2r^2 - 2rsqrt(r^2-a^2)) ` ` `

This marries up with the formula for the surface area of a spherical cap

`A = pi (h^2 + a^2) `

where `a ` is the radius at the base of the spherical cap and `h ` is the height of the cap. The value of `h `is the range covered on the y-axis, so that

`h = r -sqrt(r^2 - a^2)`   and

`h^2 = 2r^2 - 2rsqrt(r^2 - a^2) - a^2 `  and

`h^2 + a^2 = 2r^2 - 2rsqrt(r^2 - a^2) `

 

What kind of oppression does George Orwell demonstrate in 1984?

George Orwell's 1984 examines the oppression of a totalitarian surveillance state. The tyrannical government is constantly watching its citizens with secret cameras and microphones, searching for any evidence of independent thought or potential resistance. Children are so indoctrinated in schools that they willingly report their family members for "thoughtcrime," there is a cult of personality around enigmatic leader Big Brother that is constantly promoted, and historical revisionism is so rampant that there is an entire government department dedicated to it. Within the Party's propaganda branch, called the Ministry of Truth, main character Winston Smith works as an "editor," changing documents and pictures to serve as "proof" that the Party is always consistent and correct in its policies. Other than constant surveillance and attempts to control perceptions of reality, the government of 1984 also engages in torture, extreme rationing of all resources, limitations on all forms of human interaction, and constant war against other states.

Why was Juliek concerned about his violin after the forced march from Buna?

When the Polish musician Juliek, who worked in the electrical warehouse at Buna, speaks to Elie among the crush of men who have come to the barracks at Gleiwitz, he is fearful that his violin will get broken in the chaos. He has brought it with him on the deadly forced march from Buna. Elie is shocked that Juliek is worried about a violin:

I thought he had gone out of his mind. What use was a violin here?

Later, after fighting for air and his life in the claustrophobic pile of dead and dying men, Elie hears a violin. It was Juliek playing a fragment from a Beethoven concerto. Elie realizes why Juliek has brought his violin. It is his last connection with life and civilization. Instead of being reduced to a wild savage fighting for a morsel of bread, Juliek plays the violin, proving his worth as a man and an artist:

He was playing his life. The whole of his life was gliding on the strings—his lost hopes, his charred past, his extinguished future. He played as he would never play again.

Juliek refuses to go out as a victim. He is, instead, a rebel. Playing the Beethoven concerto was his last attempt at rebellion against his bitter fate. The Germans had prohibited the Jews from playing compositions from German composers. Juliek thumbs his nose at this restriction and in the last moments of his life. When Elie wakes up the next morning, Juliek is dead and his violin crushed.

Where were Ferdinand and Isabella?

Ferdinand and Isabella were the King and Queen of Spain. They married each other in 1469. Under their rule, Spain became a world power and added land to the Spanish Empire.

It was Ferdinand and Isabella that sponsored the voyages of Christopher Columbus. Columbus was looking for a shorter route to Asia. Ferdinand and Isabella hoped Columbus would find riches, which would enhance the Spanish treasury. They also hoped to spread Christianity to any new lands that Columbus discovered and claimed for Spain. As a result of these explorations, Spain gained land and developed into a world power.

Ferdinand and Isabella were also responsible for the Spanish Inquisition. As a result of the Spanish Inquisition, all Jews were forced to convert to Christianity, or they had to leave Spain in 1492. The same was also true for all Muslims who lived in Spain in 1496.