What kinds of land forms are destroyed and created by erosion and deposition?

Erosion is the process of transport of weathered particles to a new location, while deposition is the process in which these eroded particles are deposited. Erosion is typically carried out by water, air, and gravity. Erosion and deposition destroy some landforms and form some new ones. 

Rocks are typically destroyed by the action of erosion (coupled with weathering). First, the rocks are weathered by a combination of mechanical and chemical weathering and the resultant fragments are transported and deposited in a new location. For example, a river continually weathers and erodes the channel (including the bed), carrying all the fragments along with it. These fragments may be deposited when the river velocity slows down and can result in a geologic formation known as a delta. Similarly, waves cause erosion and result in the formation of beaches. Erosion of fragments by winds may cause the formation of sane dunes. Canyons and valleys are also formed by erosion. Caves and arches are some other landforms produced as a result of erosion.

Hope this helps. 

The story revolves around the women's decisions. Why is this ironic? A Jury of Her Peers.

It is ironic that the story revolves around the women's decisions because throughout the narrative, the male characters mitigate the importance of the women and the kitchen.

As it turns out, the evidence is all in the kitchen. While Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, who has

[T]hat look of seeing into things, of seing through a thing to something else....

When they look around the kitchen, they understand the difficult life Mrs. Wright has been leading. That Mrs. Wright has been gravely disturbed is evinced in the pieces for a quilt that Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters discover. For, they notice that some of the stitching is neat, then it becomes erratic.

Their eyes met--something flashed to life, passed between them, then,...they seemed to pull away from each other. 

As Mrs. Peters searches in the cupboard for paper with which to wrap Mrs. Wright's shawl, apron and other clothes she wanted, Mrs. Hale compares the erratically sewn piece to the neat others, noticing that the difference is "startling." In the meantime, Mrs. Peters discovers a birdcage. The women notice that the door to the cage is broken. Then, when they search for quilting pieces so that Mrs. Peters can bring them for Mrs. Wright to work on, they discover a pretty little box containing a canary, whose neck has been wrung.

..again the eyes of the two women met--this time clung together in a look of dawning comprehension, of growing horror.

At last the women speak. Mrs. Hale rues not coming to visit more. She wonders what it would be like not to have any children around. 

"No, Wright wouldn't like the bird....a thing that sang. She used to sing. He killed that, too.

...."If there had been years and years of--nothing, then a bird to sing to you, it would be awful--still--after the bird was still."

Certainly, the women control the outcome of the search of the house for evidence. They have found the motive; they have discovered the evidence. Yet, when Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale hear the men coming, they pull back the quilting and Mrs. Hale hides the box with the dead bird in her big coat pocket, acting as the jury of Mrs. Wright's peers. 

What is a summary of this passage from Hamlet? I have of late—but wherefore I know not—lost all my mirth, forgone all custom of exercises,...

In this passage from Act II, Scene 2, Hamlet speaks to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He tells them of his despondency and his lack of interest in his usual activities; in other words, he finds nothing to excite or inspire him.

After getting his former classmates and friends to admit that they have been sent for, Hamlet admits to them that he has changed. However, he does not reveal what has really caused this change in him. Instead, having already led Polonius to believe he is "mad," Hamlet now launches into a speech characterized by a deep melancholy so that his former friends will think he is greatly depressed. Here is a summary of what he says,

• Although I do not know the reason, I am deeply depressed, having lost all happiness ("sense of mirth"). My usual activities are of absolutely no interest to me. In fact, as I see it, the entire world seems sterile and empty. Even the sky filled with lovely golden sunlight does not move me to joy; instead, it seems no more than foul and disease-filled fumes to breathe. 

According to Columbus' how did he and his men treat the Indians? Be specific!

When Columbus and his men first arrived in the modern-day Bahamas, they were greeted by groups of Arawak offering up resources including food, water, weapons, and cotton. The culture of the Arawak and other nearby indigenous people emphasized hospitality, a trait that Columbus describes in his writing as "naive." Columbus was largely uninterested in the generosity displayed by the people of the Bahamas, and his writing primarily described the islands as a good source of gold and slaves for the Spanish crown. On his next expedition, Columbus and his men visited several islands, searching for gold and capturing indigenous people- men, women, and children- with the intent of enslaving them. However, so many died due to poor care on the voyage back to Spain that Columbus returned to the islands to force the remaining people to search for gold. The Spanish were so violent and abusive to the Arawak people that mass suicide became a common occurrence, and within two years 125,000 of the 250,000 native people on Haiti were dead. Columbus and his men viewed the indigenous people of the islands they visited only as a source of slave labor that could be brutalized into submission, and he treated them only as a potential source of profit.

Why is it necessary to use a safety valve before heating is stopped?

There is an old saying in chemical labs: never heat a closed system.  If you are heating up a glassware system or a metal container system to perform a chemical reaction at high temperatures and the system is sealed up gas-tight to the atmosphere, then as the chemicals and gasses inside the system are heated up they will expand.  If there is no place for this excess volume to fill other than the existing rigid system, there will be pressure put against the system walls.  In the case of glassware, most of it is not designed to operate under pressure so you run the risk of glass shards exploding which is obviously a dangerous situation.  If you are heating up a metal system that is designed to operate under pressure, it is usually designed to safely operate under a certain pressure limit.  If the pressure exceeds this limit for any reason, then there can be a dangerous explosion.  A safety valve allows for a controlled emergency release of pressure before an explosion can occur.  It is an important safety feature of closed, pressurized chemical systems.

What were the advantages and disadvantages of Jamestown?

One advantage of Jamestown was that its location was far enough up the James River that it was easily defended from attack from Spanish ships. Spanish attacks had ravaged English settlements before, and Jamestown was intended in part to serve as a strategic barrier to Spanish expansion up the east coast. So this was a real advantage. Another advantage, though one not immediately evident, was the suitability of the local climate and soils for cultivating tobacco, which became a staple crop of the colony a little over ten years after the initial settlement. The list of disadvantages was far longer. The location of the settlement lacked a consistent supply of fresh water, being in the tidal region of the James River. It was also low-lying, which meant that the colonists were constantly exposed to disease-bearing mosquitos. Moreover, it was squarely in the middle of a region dominated by the powerful Powhatan Confederacy. While the colonists maintained friendly relations with these Indian peoples, they proved to be valuable allies. When the colonists did not, they were tough and implacable enemies. Finally, the colony's location did not allow the English colonists to duplicate what the Spanish had done in South and Central America. It lacked the precious metals that the English hoped to discover, and they were forced to come up with a new plan for colonization that only really worked out in the long run, and after many deaths.

Since Mama is the protagonist in "Everyday Use," what is it that she wants?

Mama seems to want peace in her home and within her family.  She fantasizes about a talk-show reunion with her estranged daughter, Dee, wishing that she could be lighter-skinned, thinner, more articulate, so that she could make her daughter proud.  Initially, Mama seems to rank mending her relationship with Dee above appreciating her relationship with her other daughter, Maggie.  Maggie's always around, and so her presence isn't elusive or particularly notable because Mama always has it. 

When Dee comes home, Mama does her best to give her the things she wants, including hand-made family items that Mama and Maggie still actually use in their everyday life.  However, one sees that it's true that Dee is really never told "no."  Mama seems to want to appease Dee, even being willing to call her a different name rather than the family name she already has. 

Once Dee insults Maggie, though, demanding the quilts she once rejected and even holding them out of Mama's reach, Mama seems to realize that she has been putting too much stock in earning Dee's approval.  She snatches the quilts from her and gives them to Maggie, as Maggie was promised.  Dee storms off, leaving Mama and Maggie to sit outside and revel in the tranquility of the house without Dee's presence in it.  She has peace at last.

What is the major theme of Elizabeth Bowen's "Her Table Spread"?

I am a great fan of the short stories of Elizabeth Bowen; her writing is so dense with meaning and symbolism. This masterful story seems to have a major theme of sexual tension. The title "Her Table Spread" suggests that the hospitality of Miss Cuffe is related to her desire for male attention. The arrival of the destroyer fills the female guests at the dinner party with excitement and curiosity, but Alban feels alienated from them. Rossiter tries to get Alban interested in the subject of women and marriage, clearly referring to the benefits and pleasures of sexual union, and suggests Alban should consider marrying Valeria. Alban is mistaken for a Mr. Garrett by Valeria, who believes a naval officer who had landed once before is arriving in the dark. There is a suggestion she may have been intimate with Garrett, when she asks if he does not "remember the way." 

The descriptions of the women are very sensual and hint at sexual tension, for example: "The ladies all turned to Alban: the beads on their bosoms sparkled," and "Valeria's bust was almost on the table." Even non-human objects are described in sensuous terms, underscoring this sexual theme: "Behind, through the windows, lamps spread great skirts of light, and Mars and Mercury, unable to contain themselves, stooped from their pedestals." At one point Alban stands in the dark with the three women and feels a fleeting connection to them, moved by their expectant search for the men on the destroyer: "For the moment, without moving or speaking, he stood, in the dark, in a flame, as though all three said: 'My darling...'

In Act 3, scene 1, why does Mercutio curse Romeo's family as well as the Capulets? Why does Mercutio take it so seriously that he was stabbed...

Mercutio curses the Montagues as well as the Capulets because his death, in his mind, is the result of the feud between these families.  Tybalt comes looking to challenge Romeo because he wants to fight the son of his family's great enemy to pay him back for attending their celebration uninvited the night before.  When Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt, saying that he "love[s] [Tybalt] better than [Tybalt] canst devise" (3.1.70).  He says that he loves Tybalt, even though Tybalt cannot possibly understand why (it's because Romeo just married Tybalt's cousin, Juliet, in secret).  Mercutio sees this as a "dishonorable, vile submission" and feels obligated to get involved and fight Tybalt in Romeo's stead (3.1.74).  Therefore, if it were not for the feud between the Montagues and Capulets, Tybalt would never have come for Romeo, and Mercutio would not have felt the need to fight on his friend's behalf; Mercutio sees Romeo's behavior as cowardly and submissive, and so he blames his friend for his death, the result of that cowardice.

It's true that Romeo steps between Tybalt and Mercutio, attempting to stop the fight, but such an action would have been frowned upon at the time.  Romeo basically distracts them and blocks their view of one another, making for a more dangerous situation.  He has good intentions, of course, but Romeo created a situation that enabled Tybalt to strike when Mercutio was unprepared and distracted by his friend's interference.

How are memories formed?

The first thing to clarify here is the vital difference between short-term memory (or working memory) and long-term memory (what we normally think of as memories).

You can further break down memory into different types such as declarative versus procedural (can you say it out loud, or is it knowhow you can use to do something?) and semantic versus episodic (is it a fact you know, or something you experienced?), but I don't think that's important for the basic question of how they are formed.

If you think of the brain as being like a computer, short-term memory is like RAM and long-term memory is like the hard drive. Information in short-term memory is readily accessible and can be manipulated and modified rapidly, but it disappears once we stop using it. Information in long-term memory is held indefinitely, but it requires a complex retrieval process that is actually astonishingly unreliable. (People can very easily forget things or even remember things that didn't happen.)

Short-term memory we actually understand fairly well. We have three sectors of short-term memory, the visual-spatial sketchpad, the phonological loop, and the episodic buffer.

The phonological loop is almost literally an audio buffer. It stores data in a format remarkably similar to a raw audio format such as WAV, where the encoding is done in terms of frequencies. It stores a limited amount of time worth of audio (usually about two seconds), so you can actually remember phrases and sequences of numbers better if you say them faster. If you ever find yourself saying a phone number over and over to keep it in your head, that's your phonological loop at work.

The visual-spatial sketchpad is essentially a 3D modeling system. We're not sure exactly how it is encoded, but we know that it retains spatial information in three dimensions---in some people such as brilliant mathematicians possibly even four dimensions---in such a way that we can visualize how things look, imagine rotating them in our heads, and combine them as if they were physical objects. Some people are better at this than others, and actually most of what we measure when we measure "IQ" is really the capacity of your visual-spatial sketchpad. (Most of the rest is just your overall health!)

The episodic buffer stores events, and here we have basically no idea how it is stored. My favorite theory is narrative; I think we store events as stories we tell ourselves, often quite literally encoded into words. This explains why we love stories so much, why we can remember things much better if we write or talk about them, and even some of the ways we make systematic errors in memory and reasoning that seem to make us into "protagonists" of an "adventure" against "enemies". This would be a form of what's called semantic encoding, where what we store is the meaning of things. That's all very speculative though; we honestly don't know.

Short-term memory goes away when we stop thinking about it, so we need long-term memory to actually retain information for long periods. The process of encoding short-term memory into long-term memory is called memory consolidation. Actually I think a better term might be compression, because I think what's happening is we are quite literally compressing the data so it can fit into a much smaller storage space. Most of this seems to happen in the hippocampus, but the associative areas and rhinal and entorhinal cortexes are also important. (Frankly I'm not a big fan of this sort of neuroimaging-based stuff about where things happen; they are basically just meaningless facts at this point because we have no idea how any of these brain structures work. Again with the computer analogy, it's like saying that most of your visual processing seems to occur in the video card which is six centimeters to the left of the CPU. Okay, sure, but that tells me nothing about how images are actually processed.)

Most of this memory consolidation happens during REM sleep, which we think has something to do with what dreams are for (again, honestly we really don't know), which is why you'll remember things better if you work through them just before you go to bed so that your short-term memory doesn't have time to empty before it starts consolidating to long-term memory in your sleep. Again the actual mechanism of memory consolidation is still a mystery, but my money is again on semantic or narrative encoding; I think we remember things primarily by making them into stories we tell ourselves---or perhaps stories we dream ourselves. This would allow an enormous amount of data compression---somewhere around 10,000 or 100,000 to 1 in terms of gigabytes required---and again fits with a lot of the types of errors we tend to make when we misremember things.

Can you please explain Hosseini's use of setting and its prominence please?

Khaled Hosseini's second novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, takes place in various locations throughout the Middle East, including Herat, a city in Afghanistan, Gul Daman, a village just outside of Herat, Kabul the capital of Afghanistan, and Murree, a city in Pakistan.

The settings are incredibly important to the story because the story follows two Muslim women--Mariam, who is forced into a conservative marriage and lifestyle, and Laila, who is much more liberal and less constrained by conservative values or expectations--and the two women are in constant conflict with their conservative surroundings, having to cover themselves, walk in pairs, and deal with men as the authority in their lives.

Had the novel been written in some place else--say, London?--then the conservative atmosphere would be lost and Mariam and Laila would have much different obstacles to endure. However, since the novel does take place throughout Afghanistan and Pakistan, the conservative values of those societies are then quite important as they shape the lives of the women and how they function in society.

`y = e^sinhx , (0, 1)` Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the function at the given point

The tangent line must go through the given point `(x_0, y_0)` and have the slope of `y'(x_0).` Thus the equation of the tangent line is

`(y - y_0) = (x - x_0)*y'(x_0).`

To find the derivative we need the chain rule and the derivative of `sinh(x),` which is `cosh(x).` Therefore `y'(x) = (e^sinh(x))' =e^sinh(x)*cosh(x).` For `x = x_0 = 0` it is `e^0*1 = 1.`

So the equation of the tangent line is  `y - 1 = (x - 0)*1,` or simply y = x + 1.

We have to check that `y(x_0) = x_0.`  Yes, `y(x_0) = y(0) = 1` and `x_0 = 1.`

What is the relationship between Economics and Human Resource Management? How are these two subjects related to each other?

These are two very different academic subjects. Economics is a social science that describes the production, consumption, and exchange of goods within a society. It is by its nature a science, meaning that it seeks understanding of a subject. Although people with degrees in economics are hired for a range of well-paying jobs in both government and industry, the subject itself is an academic rather than vocational one. 

Human resource management is a vocational subject intended to prepare students to work as human resource managers in industry. Its remit is far more limited than that of economics, as it focuses on specific corporate jobs. People in HR departments are normally involved in hiring, firing, promotions, staffing decisions, and issues of regulatory compliance. 

There really is no direct relationship between the subjects. People studying Human Resource Management or other business courses normally need to take a few economics modules to understand some underlying principles of how economic factors affect businesses; economics students would have no need to study Human Resources Management. 

What would be some examples of dialect in "The Scarlet Ibis" by James Hurst?

Dialect is a literary device that describes language that is spoken by people according to their geographic region, their ethnicity, or social class. James Hurst's short story, "The Scarlet Ibis," takes place in the American south, and contains a few examples of dialect. These examples of dialect are juxtaposed with the formal tone of the narrator and give a sense of realism to the story. The narrator sets the tone of reminiscence with the first two paragraphs. It is clear he is older and reflecting back on his childhood. When the flashback begins, the dialogue contains instances of dialect which help pull the reader into the incidents that happened long ago.  

When the scarlet ibis lands wounded in the bleeding tree, Aunt Nicey says:  "Dead birds is bad luck," poking her head from the kitchen door. 'Specially red dead birds!"  

The incorrect verb tense used here (is instead of are) and the shortened version of the word especially are examples of dialect. 

There are examples of colloquialisms in this story, as well. The difference between dialect and colloquialisms is that colloquialisms are commonly spoken regional phrases, and dialect is focused on grammar, spelling, sounds, and pronunciation of speech patterns in a particular region. 

Some colloquialisms in this story are: calling wild vanilla "dog's tongue," the family saying that Doodle might not be "all there," and the word "piazza" to describe the covered porch. Piazza is an Italian word, but it is a regional expression common in the south and parts of New England. 

In Walk Two Moons, how is the theme developed through the characters' words and actions in the novel? Which character best illustrates this theme?...

In Walk Two Moons, everyone is indeed minding his own agenda, though Sal finds herself wrapped up in the agendas of others, which seem to be related to hers. Sal’s agenda is dealing with the loss of her mother. Phoebe and Ben have also lost their mother in some sense of the word. Ben’s mother was committed to a mental hospital. While he can (and does) visit her, he has “lost” her in the sense of what she had been before her illness. Still, he takes an interest in Sal instead of being so wrapped up in his own agenda.

Phoebe’s mother left to deal with the arrival of the son she gave up for adoption before she married Mr. Winterbottom. Phoebe, like Sal, cannot accept that her mother left of her own free will. It is easier for her to believe something or someone forced her to leave. Sal knows her own mother left voluntarily, but she feels that it still has something to her own inadequacy. She sees Phoebe’s inadequacies in appreciating her mother, which reflects on her own situation. It is Phoebe who most reflects the saying about everyone minding his or her own agenda. She has no concern for Sal’s or Ben’s agendas, but drags them into hers.

Sal helps both Ben and Phoebe “find” their mothers and thus fulfill their agendas. While she cannot return her mother to her home, Sal’s agenda becomes one of accepting her mother’s death and making a new home with just her father.

If Darry from The Outsiders didn't have Sodapop and Ponyboy, could he have become a Soc?

Darry, or Darrell Curtis, is the oldest brother of Ponyboy, the narrator and protagonist of The Outsiders, and Sodapop. Darry is considered a "Greaser" because he grew up in the lower class neighborhood of the town (likely Tulsa, Oklahoma where the author, S.E Hinton, grew up) which is the setting of the novel. Because he comes from this neighborhood, Darry owes his allegiance to not only his brothers but other boys from the area including Dally, Steve, Two-Bit and Johnny.

In chapter one, Ponyboy reveals that Darry was a "popular guy" in high school and the captain of the football team. He received an athletic scholarship but was not able to attend for financial reasons. After his parents died he went to work in order to take care of his brothers. Because of his athletic prowess and overall popularity, Ponyboy relates that Darry had many friends in school including several "Socs" who were from the affluent upper middle class neighborhood and the natural rivals of the Greasers. In fact, one of Darry's best friends in high school had been Paul Holden, a Soc who played on the football team with Darry. Toward the end of the book, Darry fights Paul in the "rumble" between Greasers and Socs. Ponyboy speculates that Darry felt jealousy and hatred toward Paul, probably because he could have gone off to college just like Paul if things had been different. If it hadn't been for his brothers and the other boys of the neighborhood, Darry very well could have become a Soc, but circumstances didn't play out that way. Not surprisingly, Darry gets the best of Paul in the fight, and there is little doubt in the book that Darry would ever trade his life with his brothers for a life as a Soc.

What were the most populous tribes in the Pacific Northwest?

If one wishes to extend the Pacific Northwest to Alaska, one can consider the Tlingit and Nootka tribes. In Idaho and Washington state, there are the Nez Perce, Palouse, and Walla Walla tribes. The Chinook tribe was important on Washington's Pacific Coast. Paiute and Shoshone tribes made up most of interior Oregon. The Klamath and Modoc people were also common in and around the Willamette Valley in Oregon, where they would fight a disastrous war with settlers in 1851 after the Whitman Massacre.  

By the time American settlers started arriving in earnest in the 1840s and 1850s, one could not call any of these tribes very populous due to diseases spread by Spanish and Russian traders, as well as the Lewis and Clark voyage of 1804-1805. The Nez Perce is probably the best-known from this list due to Chief Joseph's escape from reservation life in the late 1870s.  

What conclusion does the poet William Wordsworth draw about the song in "The Solitary Reaper"?

In William Wordsworth's "The Solitary Reaper," a nameless narrator encounters a young woman singing in a field. The song is enchanting, and the narrator spends much of the poem imagining exotic locales and trying to comprehend the meaning, or theme, of the song. Though the narrator is not ultimately able to pinpoint a unified theme for the song, he does realize that the young woman's "song could have no ending" (26), and thus Wordsworth ultimately concludes that the song is an evocation of an eternal truth. Though the poet cannot define said truth, the fact that it is has "no ending" is important, as it lends a transcendent endlessness to the finite existence of the solitary reaper. Therefore, though Wordsworth does not pinpoint an ultimate meaning for the reaper's song, he does conclude that the beauty of the song accords the young woman access to a sense of the infinite, thus allowing her to transcend the limitations of her existence and attain a higher level of dignity. 

In To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, does Scout successfully "hold [her] head up and fists down?" And if so, how successful is she?

Yes. At the beginning of Chapter 9, Cecil Jacobs announces that Scout's daddy defends niggers while all their classmates are playing in the schoolyard. Scout is furious and tells Cecil to take it back while she clenches her fists. Scout mentions that Atticus had warned her about fighting and said she was way too big and old for such "childish things." Scout resists the temptation to hit Cecil and instead asks Jem what Cecil meant by saying Atticus defended niggers. Jem tells Scout to ask Atticus, and Atticus explains to Scout that he is defending a black man named Tom Robinson. Atticus urges Scout to try fighting with her head, and tells her not to let anyone get her "goat." The next day, Scout asks Cecil Jacobs if he is going to take back his comment about Atticus, and he says, "You gotta make me first!...My folks said your daddy was a disgrace an' that nigger oughta hang from the water-tank!" (Lee 102). Scout successfully keeps her cool and remembers what Atticus had told her. She drops her fists and walks away, while Cecil yells, "Scout's a cow---ward!" (Lee 102). Scout mentions that it was the first time in her life she had walked away from a fight. Letting Cecil Jacobs get away with making fun of Atticus and calling her a coward was an extremely difficult thing for her to let go. Scout felt that she would have let Atticus down by choosing to take a swing at Cecil, but is glad that she made the noble decision to walk away. Although Scout successfully controls her temper in the schoolyard, three weeks later she fights her cousin Francis Hancock after he calls Atticus a "nigger-lover."

How is the lottery of caskets in The Merchant of Venice a test for the suitors who have come to woo Portia?

Portia's father has, in his will, set the requirements for the suitors who wish to marry her: they must choose between three caskets of lead, silver, and gold. Whoever chooses correctly will win the right to marry Portia. The whole exercise is, in simple terms, a lottery, as Nerissa states in Act 1, scene 2:

...therefore the lottery,
that he hath devised in these three chests of gold,
silver and lead, whereof who chooses his meaning
chooses you, will, no doubt, never be chosen by any
rightly but one who shall rightly love.

Nerissa here also states the belief that destiny is to determine that the person who chooses correctly will not only have made the right decision but will also be the one who truly loves Portia.

Added to this, the will requires that suitors undertake a solemn vow that, if they fail to choose the correct casket, they will never approach another woman for marriage and, therefore, spend the rest of their days as bachelors. Before they are given the opportunity to choose, the suitors have to visit the chapel and undertake the vow in the presence of Portia and other witnesses, as Portia informs the Moroccan prince in Act 2, scene 1:

You must take your chance,
And either not attempt to choose at all
Or swear before you choose, if you choose wrong
Never to speak to lady afterward
In way of marriage: therefore be advised.

Breaking the vow will, of course, mean eternal damnation for the transgressor. If one takes into regard the deep religious convictions held by the general populace at the time, uttering the pledge is a critical step and not one to be easily dismissed. 

This, in itself, is probably the greatest test for all the suitors. If they are successful, they will benefit grandly, for not only will they win the hand of a beautiful and intelligent woman, but they will also own half of the enormous wealth her father has left her. If they fail, though, they are bound to the vow. There is thus an enormous risk involved in the decision to choose.

To complicate matters even further, the will forbids Portia to provide any form of assistance to the suitors. She undertook a vow to this effect and should she transgress, she will be disowned. She has no choice in the matter and will have to accept the outcome, whether she likes it or not, as she states in Act 1, scene 2:

...O me, the word 'choose!' I may
neither choose whom I would nor refuse whom I
dislike; so is the will of a living daughter curbed
by the will of a dead father...

Portia is obviously enormously relieved when Bassanio, the one she loves, eventually makes the right choice, for she had no desire to marry any of the other suitors. 

After the battle, how did Don Quixote account for the windmills?

Don Quixote battles the windmills because he believes that they are ferocious giants. He thinks that after defeating them -- all "thirty or forty" of them! -- he will be able to collect the spoils and the glory as a knight. However, when he charges the "giants," his lance gets caught in a sail. The lance snaps and Don Quixote and his horse Rocinante are hurled some distance away to the ground.

When Sancho Panza asks Don Quixote what happened, Don Quixote laments that his enemy, the evil necromancer who stole all of his books, has also turned the giants into windmills at the last second. He did this to humiliate Don Quixote and steal Don Quixote's chance to fight in a glorious battle.

What is Calpurnia's relationship to the Finch family in To Kill a Mockingbird?

Calpurnia is the Finch's African American cook who also looks after the children while Atticus is at work. In Chapter 12, Calpurnia explains to Scout and Jem that she grew up between the Buford Place and Finch Landing where she worked for Atticus's father. Calpurnia then moved to Maycomb when Atticus got married and has worked in his home ever since. Calpurnia is essentially family and Atticus values her skill set and personality. He defends Calpurnia in front of his prejudiced sister and explains how important Calpurnia is to their family. Although Calpurnia is not afraid to discipline Scout and Jem, she is also sympathetic to their needs. She not only teaches Scout how to write but also keeps her company when Jem and Dill play together. Calpurnia teaches Scout the importance of respecting others and also introduces the children to the African American community by inviting them to First Purchase African M.E. for Sunday service.

How do you write a summary for Frindle.

The book "Frindle," by Andrew Clemens, tells the story of creative fifth-grader Nick Allen challenging his strict, traditional language arts teacher, Mrs. Granger. Nick and his classmates are bored by Mrs. Granger's reliance on the dictionary for teaching, but when Nick begins learning about the origin of words, he realizes inventing a new word could challenge his teacher's fixation on dictionary definitions. The word Nick invents is "frindle," which means "pen." The word begins spreading much more rapidly than Nick had expected. Soon his entire school begins using the word, then his town, and the word quickly continues spreading from there. Mrs. Granger attempts to punish her students for using the word, but soon enough all of them begin using it. Nick's family and teachers step in to try to stop the phenomenon he created, but it has spread far beyond Nick's influence at that point. The epilogue of the book shows Mrs. Granger sending Nick the latest edition of the dictionary, which contains the word "frindle," and claims in an attached letter that she resisted the spread of the word only to increase its popularity.

What are Bud's rules in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis? Why does Bud have these rules? What do the rules tell you about Bud's character?

Bud's rules are simple reminders of how he should react throughout various difficult situations. His rules are based on past experiences but are generalizations and only apply to very specific situations. Since Bud is an orphan and has no caregiver or role model, he is forced to essentially raise himself, and learn from his own mistakes. The way Bud learns from his mistakes and seeks not to repeat them again is to remember various rules in what Bud calls, "Bud Caldwell's Rules and Things for Having a Funner Life and Making a Better Liar Out of Yourself." Many of Bud's rules reflect his naive childhood innocence and seem ridiculous. For example, in Chapter 7 Bud asks the librarian where Miss Hill is, and she says, "Miss Hill? My goodness, hadn't you heard" (Curtis 55). Bud recalls Rule Number 16: "If a Grown-up Ever Starts a Sentence by Saying "Haven't You Heard," Get Ready, 'Cause What's About to Come Out of Their Mouth Is Gonna Drop You Head first into a Boiling Tragedy" (Curtis 56). Bud's rule is clearly based off of a negative past experience and he is expecting to hear tragic news about Miss Hill. However, Bud is pleasantly surprised to find out that nothing bad happened to Miss Hill, and that she has just moved to Chicago after marrying the love of her life. These generalized rules reveal Bud's naive way of thinking and depict the numerous negative life experiences he has encountered. His rules are not reliable and are continually proven wrong. As Bud matures, he will not be forced to remember rules to keep him from repeating past mistakes.

When they meet again at Hannah Tupper's, what do Nat and Kit discover that they have in common in The Witch of Blackbird Pond?

Hannah says she first met both Nat and Kit crying in the meadow. 

Kit and Nathaniel Eaton are both good friends of Hannah Tupper, the supposed witch of Blackbird Pond. They do not realize this at first. Kit finds the meadow on her own, and it is the first place she has felt comfortable in Wethersfield. 

Coming home through the meadow everything had seemed so simple, and here it was all tangled again. Only one thing was sure. She had found a secret place, a place of freedom and clear sunlight and peace. (Ch. 10) 

Kit befriends Hannah even though the people of Wethersfield think she is a witch. Kit is amazed that the Quaker woman does not go to meetings (she has to pay fines), and lives by herself out by the pond in the swampy land. 

When Nat shows up, Hannah says she should have known that the two of them would find each other. They have a lot in common. One thing she says they have in common is that she met both of them the same way, in the meadow.

"'Tis a strange thing, that the only friends I have I found in the same way, lying flat in the meadows, crying as though their hearts would break." (Ch. 10) 

Nat protests that he was only eight years old at the time. He is surprised that Kit found Hannah, since her aunt and uncle would not approve. He is definitely glad to see Kit. 

The friendship between Kit and Nat grows through helping Hannah. Kit does not realize at first that Nat likes her. She thinks that she should just marry a local man, William, and be a good Puritan. However, she does not fit in. 

"I can still see the green feathers if I look hard enough. But they've done their best to make you into a sparrow, haven't they?"

"It's these Puritans," Kit sighed. "I'll never understand them. Why do they want life to be so solemn? I believe they actually enjoy it more that way." (Ch. 12) 

Later, when Nat illuminates the house William is building and is banished from Wethersfield, Kit realizes that he really cares about her and she cares about him. Eventually, she marries Nat instead of William. It is definitely a better choice for her, since he is the one person who understands her.

How does the "African" scene show a new side to the relationship between Walter and Beneatha?

The scene, which takes place at the beginning of Act Two, Scene One, does not exactly "show a new side" to their relationship, but instead is a moment at which both are able to connect to each other through a desire to tap into the glory of their ancestors. Beneatha wishes to do this so that she can forge a new sense of identity and kinship based on a black aesthetic. Walter "channels the ancestors" out of a desire to feel greater pride in himself as a man.

Beneatha, through her education and contact with African exchange students, is learning more about Africa, including its rituals, customs, and art. Though her intentions are good, she is not as attuned to the continent as she thinks, a fact that is revealed in the exposition of the play:

She parades for RUTH, her hair completely hidden by the headdress; she is coquettishly fanning herself with an ornate oriental fan, mistakenly more like Butterfly [McQueen, "Prissy" in Gone with the Wind] than any Nigerian ever was...She promenades to the radio and, with an arrogant flourish, turns off the good loud blues that is playing...

"Enough of this assimilationist junk!" she asserts, without realizing that blues is as uniquely and distinctly a product of black expression as the costume her boyfriend, Asagai, bought her. Her behavior comes off as less regal than intended and should remind the audience more of Butterfly McQueen's performance as the servile "Prissy" in Gone with the Wind. Lorraine Hansberry does not draw this parallel to insult Beneatha or the memory of Ms. McQueen, but instead uses it to show that Beneatha is trying to usurp something that is, in fact, foreign to her. She is no more a product of Nigeria than Asagai would be a product of Kenya. She has African ancestry, yes; but she is not culturally African.

While Beneatha parades around, Walter stumbles in drunk. It is important that this scene begins after he has left the apartment in shame due to being unfavorable toward Ruth's pregnancy. He does not want the pregnancy because they can barely afford the child they have. Another, in his estimation, would make it even more difficult for them to improve their lives.

By channeling African imagery (e.g., "the lion is waking," "waters rushing against the shores of the coastlands," "the birds flying low over the mountains and the low places of our land"), he can feel the majesty, power, and strength of the man he wants to be. He does not feel this as a lowly Chicago chauffeur living in a housing project on the Southside.

What both Walter and Beneatha are trying to do is to forge identities as black people that are separate from—and more positive than—what America has taught them they are. They are trying to learn to have pride in themselves. In this regard, the two share a common goal.

Why is the 2000 Presidential election so controversial?

The 2000 election was between Republican George W. Bush and Democrat Al Gore, as well as several independent candidates. The election was controversial in the sense that no candidate won the 270 electoral votes needed to win the election outright; this controversy was caused by a faulty Florida ballot. Some people who meant to vote for another candidate really had their votes counted for George W. Bush. There was also the question of the punch cards used in the balloting process; when the election was under review, the public saw the sloppy ballots; the term "hanging chad" entered popular vocabulary that fall. When the lower courts ruled that George W. Bush won Florida and thus the election, Al Gore's campaign team challenged the ruling all the way to the Supreme Court, where he ultimately lost. While Al Gore won the popular vote, George W. Bush won the electoral vote due to the Florida ballot, and soon many election commissioners began to look into digital ballots.  

Why did the secret committee decide to "rid the town of all improper persons" in "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"?

First, one has to consider the environment in which this story takes place: set in the Old West around the time of the Gold Rush, towns like Poker Flat would have been places of lawlessness, with characters like prostitutes, gamblers, and thieves. The notion that this town would try to rid itself of the same types of characters that regularly reside there is laughable. Harte sets up the story with just that notion, however, but he adds:

Poker Flat was “after somebody.” It had lately suffered the loss of several thousand dollars, two valuable horses, and a prominent citizen. It was experiencing a spasm of virtuous reaction, quite as lawless and ungovernable as any of the acts that had provoked it. A secret committee had determined to rid the town of all improper persons. This was done permanently in regard of two men who were then hanging from the boughs of a sycamore in the gulch, and temporarily in the banishment of certain other objectionable characters.

Because some undesirables had done the unthinkable—robbed from the robbers—the town decided to make a symbol of them for others who might think of swindling others. The characters chosen were all types that were well-known, but perhaps too well-known, for Mr. Oakhurst had won quite a bit of money from the townspeople, so getting rid of him would get rid of his lucky streak as well.

What are the pros and cons of Girl Meets God?

When you say "pros and cons of the book" it is hard to know if you mean the pros and cons to reading the book or pros and cons for the person in the book. 

If you are looking at the pros and cons of reading the book itself, you might consider what the purpose of the book is. It is a Christian memoir, essentially. Although the main character begins the book as a Jew, she converts to Christianity and this book explores the struggles and joys she found as she did that. You might examine the pros of reading the book for someone with similar religious identities. What value might this memoir have for those considering Christianity? For Jews considering Christianity? In terms of cons, what might the book leave out about her journey? What part of her story could have used more development? Is this a book whose audience is quite narrow or does it speak to a larger audience? All of these things can be looked at as you consider the pros and cons of reading the book.

As far as the story itself goes, you can also examine the decisions that Lauren Winner had to make as a Jew and then as someone converting to Christianity. You might want to think about how she presents both religions. Were there pros to remaining in one and not the other? Were there pros to converting? Were there cons as she converted? For example, how her conversion might affect her family relationships, as her family was Orthodox Jew. This was not a decision she came to lightly or quickly, which tells us that she saw several pros and cons to her decision to convert. Look back to the areas she seemed to consider the most. All of this will help you to determine what her pros and cons were in deciding to become a Christian.

In Monster by Walter Dean Myers, why was Mr. Sawicki an important witness for Steve Harmon's defense?

Throughout the trial, Kathy O'Brien, Steve Harmon's lawyer, continually mentions how important it is for Steve to distance himself from the other individuals involved in the crime. James King, Richard "Bobo" Evans, and Osvaldo Cruz are all thugs who have a bad reputation. Steve Harmon is simply a good kid who began associating with these individuals in order to fit-in and be cool. Mr. Sawicki runs the film club at Steve's school and is Steve's teacher. O'Brien uses Mr. Sawicki to testify that Steve Harmon is a good person who has a positive reputation. When O'Brien asks Mr. Sawicki what he thinks about Steve, Mr. Sawicki comments that Steve is an outstanding young man who is bright, talented, and compassionate. Mr. Sawicki also testifies that he believes that Steve is an honest person. Mr. Sawicki's testimony is significant because his positive opinion of Steve portrays Steve to be an honorable, trustworthy young man. The jury takes into account that Steve is not like the other individuals involved in the case, who do not have any reputable people to speak highly of them. Mr. Sawicki's testimony essentially distances Steve from James, Bobo, and Osvaldo. 

Please explain this quote from Great Expectations by Charles Dickens: But that, in shutting out the light of day, she had shut out infinitely...

Pip narrates that in becoming a recluse from the world, Miss Havisham has prevented herself from the availability of the healing qualities of nature and friendships. Therefore, she has become so eccentric that she is no longer mentally stable.

This quotation is pulled from Chapter XLIX of Great Expectations in which Pip responds to a note written by Miss Havisham that is given to him by Mr. Jaggers. Since she has asked Pip to visit her in response to Pip's request to talk to her, he returns to Satis House and finds Miss Havisham in a different room from her usual one. After greeting Pip, Miss Havisham asks Pip if there is something she can do for him; Pip tells her of his plan to get Herbert into a partnership, and she agrees to financially support this effort.

Then, she asks if there is nothing that she can do for Pip himself, and Pip declines. So, Miss Havisham writes a note to Mr. Jaggers to release the money for Herbert to Pip. She hands him this note, telling him on the first sheet of the writing pad she has a place for him to sign his name, under the line "I forgive her" that will attest to his forgiveness for the cruelty she dealt him in his youth.

“O Miss Havisham,” said I, “I can do it now. There have been sore mistakes; and my life has been a blind and thankless one; and I want forgiveness and direction far too much, to be bitter with you.”

Nevertheless, Miss Havisham feels tremendous guilt for teaching Estella to be cold and break Pip's heart. She exclaims, "What have I done? What have I done?" Pip does not know how to respond to her. Of course, he knows that her teaching Estella to be cold-hearted is wrong. But, what she has done to herself by shutting herself away from the world in darkness is terrible, too. For, she has caused her mind to become diseased--

...that, in seclusion she had secluded herself from a thousand natural and healing influences; that, her mind, brooding solitary, had grown diseased, as all minds do and must and will that reverse the appointed order of their Maker.

In seeking revenge against men by isolating herself and instructing Estella in cruelty, she has greatly harmed herself. Indeed, her eccentricities have deprived her of love and friendship which could have healed her. But, now it is too late. These "vanities," Pip observes have destroyed Miss Havisham.

`int 2x/(x^2+6x+13) dx` Find or evaluate the integral by completing the square

For the given integral: `int 2x/(x^2+6x+13) dx` , we may apply the basic integration property: `int c*f(x) dx = c int f(x) dx` .

`int 2x/(x^2+6x+13) dx =2 int x/(x^2+6x+13) dx`

To be able to evaluate this, we apply completing the square on `x^2+6x+13` .

The `x^2+6x+13` resembles `ax^2+bx+c` where:

`a= 1` and `b =6` that we can plug-into `(-b/(2a))^2` .

`(-b/(2a))^2= (-(6)/(2*1))^2`

                 `= (-6/2)^2`

                `= (-3)^2`

                 `=9`

To complete the square, we add and subtract 9:

`x^2+6x+13 +9 -9`

Group them as: `(x^2+6x+9)-9+13`

Simplify: `(x^2+6x+9)+4`

Apply factoring for the perfect square trinomial: `x^2+6x+9 = (x+3)^2`

`(x^2+6x+9)+4=(x+3)^2 + 4`

Which means `x^2+6x+13 =(x+3)^2 + 4` then the integral becomes:

`2 int x/sqrt(x^2+6x+13) dx =2 int x/((x+3)^2 + 4) dx`

 For the integral part, we apply u-substitution by letting:

`u = x+3` then `x= u-3` and  `du =dx`

Then,

`2 int x/((x+3)^2 + 4) dx= 2 int (u-3)/(u^2 + 4) du`

Apply the basic integration property: : `int (u+v) dx = int (u) dx + int (v) dx` .

`2 int (u-3)/(u^2 + 4) du=2 [int u/(u^2 + 4) du - int 3/(u^2 + 4) du]`

For the integration of `int u/(u^2 + 4) du` , let:

`v=u^2+4` then `dv =2u du` or `(dv)/2 = u du` .

Then,

`int u/(u^2 + 4) du = int ((dv)/2)/(v)`

                        `= 1/2 int (dv)/(v)`

                       ` = 1/2ln|v|+C`

Plug-in `v= u^2+4,` we get: `int u/(u^2 + 4) du =1/2ln|u^2+4|+C`

For the second integration: `- int 3/(u^2 + 4) du` , we follow the basic integration formula for inverse tangent function:

`int (du)/(u^2+a^2) = 1/a arctan(u/a)+C`

Then,

`- int 3/(u^2 + 4) du =-3 int (du)/(u^2 + 2^2)`

                              `= -3 *1/2arctan(u/2)+C`

                            `=-3/2 arctan(u/2)+C`

Combine the results, we get:

`2 [int (u/(u^2 + 4) du - int 3/(u^2 + 4) du]`

`=2*[ 1/2ln|u^2+4|-3/2arctan(u/2)]+C`

`= ln|u^2+4| - 3arctan(u/2)+C`

Plug-in `u=x+3` to solve for the final answer:

`int 2x/(x^2+6x+13) dx= ln|(x+3)^2+4| - 3arctan((x+3)/2)+C`

What are some political events that happened in the 1950s?

There were several political events that happened in the 1950s. Some involved the United States and other countries while some only impacted the United States.

In the realm of foreign affairs, there were several significant events that occurred. In 1953, the conflict in Korea came to an end. This conflict, which began in 1950, left the boundary between North Korea and South Korea unchanged. Additionally, South Korea remained noncommunist. In 1956, the Vietnam War began. When South Vietnam didn’t hold the elections that were scheduled to be held in 1956, North Vietnam went to war against South Vietnam. In the 1950s, our involvement in the Vietnam War was minimal. That would change dramatically in the 1960s. The United States and the Soviet Union entered the Space Race. The Soviet Union was the first country to launch a satellite into space in 1957. This set off a panic in the United States that we were falling behind the Soviet Union. In 1958, we launched our first satellite into space.

Domestically, there were several major events, especially in the area of civil rights. The Supreme Court ruled that the concept of “separate but equal” was unconstitutional in the Brown v Board of Education case in 1954. The Montgomery Bus Boycott began in 1955 and ended when segregation on buses was declared unconstitutional. Martin Luther King, Jr. became the leader of the nonviolent civil rights movement.

The 1950s was a time of significant progress and development. People began to move to the suburbs. There were new medical breakthroughs such as the development of the polio vaccine. People were buying new items such as air conditioners and television sets. Many new highways were built as a result of the passage of the Federal Highway Act. Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President in 1952. He won reelection in 1956.

The 1950s was a busy decade both at home and abroad.

How is the Nurse responsible of arranging the illegal marriage of Romeo and Juliet?

The nurse acts as a go-between for Romeo and Juliet's relationship and marriage.

The nurse is the person who first tells Romeo who Juliet is, and who first tells Juliet who Romeo is.  Therefore, she is the one person who is aware from the beginning that Romeo and Juliet are attracted to each other.  She really does nothing to dissuade either of them, except to tell them the family name of the person.  That is not enough.

After Romeo and Juliet have their secret talk in the orchard, the nurse acts as the go-between for the two young lovers.  Romeo makes an arrangement for Friar Laurence to perform the marriage, but it is the nurse who makes it possible by carrying the message for the two of them. 

Nurse

Good heart, and, i' faith, I will tell her as much:
Lord, Lord, she will be a joyful woman.

ROMEO

What wilt thou tell her, nurse? thou dost not mark me.

Nurse

I will tell her, sir, that you do protest; which, as
I take it, is a gentlemanlike offer. (Act 2, Scene 4)

Romeo and Juliet might have gotten married without this message, but Romeo needed a way to get a message to Juliet so that she would know to go to Friar Laurence.  She would pretend to be going to shrift when in fact she was getting married.  Romeo then used a rope ladder (“cords made like a tackled stair”) to sneak in with, which he provided to the nurse ahead of time.

Even after Tybalt’s death and Romeo’s banishment, the nurse takes an active role.  She chides Juliet for still caring about Romeo after he killed her cousin.  Then she chides Romeo for whining about being banished.

Nurse

O, he is even in my mistress' case,
Just in her case! O woful sympathy!
Piteous predicament! Even so lies she,
Blubbering and weeping, weeping and blubbering.
Stand up, stand up; stand, and you be a man:
For Juliet's sake, for her sake, rise and stand …(Act 3, Scene 3) 

The nurse is thus the only one other than Friar Laurence who knows that Juliet is married when Romeo is banished.  Juliet is horrified, of course.  The nurse urges her to get over it.  She tells her that she can put the whole mess behind her by marrying Paris, and that Romeo is a “dishcloth” compared to Paris.  Unfortunately, by now it is too late.  Juliet is set in her ways.  She has already married Romeo.

The nurse's intervention in helping Juliet get married was an act of love.  She raised Juliet from a baby, literally nursing her.  Juliet was in love, and it seemed silly to let something like a feud get in the way of young love.  She let her affection for Juliet cloud her judgement, and it led to the death of her charge and Romeo.

What is spectrum emission?

Spectrum emission is when an excited body releases radiation in a variety of wavelengths.

In this case, the body can be anything: a table, a star, a hot piece of metal, or a cloud of gas. Any matter can be considered a body in this definition. As an easy example, I prefer a hot bar of metal as it is easy to visualize.

When you heat up a bar of metal, it begins the color of the metal; for iron this is grey, for gold the color is yellow. As it heats, however, the colors change. Iron will progress from a deep red to a yellow, and eventually a bright white. These colors are important, as these emitted photons are in decreasing wavelengths.

The color you see is the peak wavelength of the light in your visual range. When the bar is cool, the grey light you see is only being reflected by the bar. There is light you do not see, however, in much longer wavelengths being emitted by the bar as radiation. When the bar is white, there are photons being emitted in shorter wavelengths than you can see.

This means that the bar is emitting light in a range of frequencies, or a spectrum.

All elements release photons in specific wavelengths more than others, on what are called emission lines. For example, the first spectrum line for hydrogen is called h-alpha, and is at 656.2 nm, and is used in astronomy frequently. 

Which five quotes from the play prove that Macbeth subscribes to Aristotle's criteria for a tragic hero?

A tragic hero, in Aristotle's definition, must have five characteristics. I have provided a reference and a quote for each:

1. Flaw or error of judgment (hamartia)

In Act 5, scene 7, when Macbeth is confronted by Macduff and learns that the witches have deceived him by telling him 'none of human born shall harm Macbeth' and that Macduff had been from his 'mother's womb untimely ripped,' he acknowledges that he had made a mistake by saying:

Accursed be that tongue that tells me so,
For it hath cow'd my better part of man!

2. A reversal of fortune (peripeteia) brought about because of the hero's error in judgment.

In Act 5, scene 3, Macbeth realises that he is almost at his end. He is distraught and expresses this in a short monologue:

...I am sick at heart,
When I behold—Seyton, I say!—This push
Will cheer me ever, or disseat me now.
I have lived long enough: my way of life
Is fall'n into the sear, the yellow leaf;...

3. The discovery or recognition that the reversal was brought about by the hero's own actions (anagnorisis)

Macbeth realises, also in Act 5, scene 3, in the same monologue, that he cannot rely on anyone and that he is despised because of what he has done:

...As honour, love, obedience, troops of friends,
I must not look to have; but, in their stead,
Curses, not loud but deep, mouth-honour, breath,
Which the poor heart would fain deny, and dare not...

4.  Excessive Pride (hubris)

In Act 4, scene 1, after the witches have predicted that Macbeth shall only be vanquished if Birnam Wood marches up Dunsinane hill, and that no man of woman born shall harm him, he feels invincible and is proud of the fact. He announces:

...Sweet bodements! good!
Rebellion's head, rise never till the wood
Of Birnam rise, and our high-placed Macbeth
Shall live the lease of nature, pay his breath
To time and mortal custom...

5. The character's fate must be greater than deserved.

In the end, Macbeth dies an ignominious death and is beheaded by Macduff. His head is placed on a spike to be displayed. He is treated like a common criminal and there is no honour in his death. One would expect that a man of his stature would actually have deserved some respect, but because of his overwhelming malice, none is given.

In the final scene, this contempt for Macbeth is clearly displayed when Macduff greets Malcolm:

Hail, king! for so thou art: behold, where stands
The usurper's cursed head: the time is free:...

What is Maupassant known as a master of?

Guy de Maupassant is known as the master of the short story. While he did write some novels, Maupassant was able to solidify himself as one of France's greatest short story writers. He was known for being able to write detailed short stories that provided social commentary on the times. One of his most famous short stories is "The Necklace," which criticizes the social pressures the female protagonist comes in contact with and ultimately result in her downfall. Maupassant was able to create memorable characters and stories with just a few pages, and the short story "The Necklace" is an excellent example of this. The female protagonist is desperate to attend a party that will help advance her socially, and borrows a necklace from a friend to appear more wealthy. She loses the necklace and spends years trying to earn money to replace it. After she loses everything, she learns the necklace was fake anyways. With such a simple, short story, Maupassant provides relevant social commentary and a moral.

What are the most important characteristics of the four waves of American immigration? Wave one is founders and colonial immigration (1492-1776);...

During the first wave of immigration, which covers the colonial period, about 400,000 English people came to the United States. Many of the English immigrants, such as the Puritans, were seeking religious freedom, while others were seeking economic opportunities. In addition, starting in 1619 (the year of the first recorded arrival of a slave ship to colonial Virginia), slaves from Africa were brought to colonial America against their will. About half of the European immigrants who came to the U.S. during this time were indentured servants, meaning that they had to work for about 4-7 years to pay off the cost of their passage to the New World before they were free to pursue other opportunities. In the 17th and 18th centuries, about one million people came to the U.S.

Immigration increased in the 19th century, starting around 1820. During this time, about 30 million Europeans came to the U.S., including many Irish and German people seeking economic opportunities. In the 1840s, Irish people, facing a famine at home, composed about one half of all American immigrants. They faced a great deal of anti-Catholic sentiment in the U.S. by nativist groups that formed political parties such as the Know-Nothings. The importation of slaves into the U.S. was outlawed in 1808, but some slaves were still brought to the country. During the mid-1800s, many Chinese people immigrated to California, drawn by the gold rush. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 banned all Asian immigration until its repeal in 1943. The Civil War in 1861-65 caused a slow down in immigration. 

During the third wave of immigration, starting in the 1890s, about 20 million immigrants arrived in the U.S. (from 1890-1920). The vast majority of these immigrants were from central, eastern, and southern Europe. From the 1890s to the 1920s, 4 million Italians and 2 million Jews entered the U.S. Other immigrants came from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and other parts of eastern Europe, drawn by the promise of jobs created by the Industrial Revolution. Many immigrants lived in large cities such as New York, Pittsburgh, Chicago, Boston, and other cities and worked in factories and lived in cramped living quarters that were the focus of reform efforts by Progressives. Immigration reached a peak in 1907 and slowed during World War I (1914-1918), and then the Immigration Act of 1924 imposed quotas that slowed immigration from eastern, southern, and central Europe. This act outlawed immigration from Asia.

Immigration slowed during the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. In 1965, Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act, known also as the Hart-Cellar Act, which did away with quotas. While in 1970, about 60% of immigrants were from Europe, this statistic declined to 15% by 2000. Immigration became largely non-European in origin. Today, the greatest number of immigrants come from Mexico, China, and India. Today's immigrants tend to be younger than the general population and tend to settle in areas with other people from their countries, continuing the American tradition of growth through immigration. 

`y = tanh^-1(x)+ ln(sqrt(1-x^2))` Find the derivative of the function

Given,

`y = tanh^-1(x)+ ln(sqrt(1-x^2))`

so we have to find the y'

so,

`y' =(tanh^-1(x)+ ln(sqrt(1-x^2)))'`

`=(tanh^-1(x))'+(ln(sqrt(1-x^2)))'`

as we know

`(tanh^-1(x))' =1/(1-x^2)`

and so we have to find out

`(ln(sqrt(1-x^2)))' `

let `u =sqrt( 1-x^2)`

it can be solved by the following,

`(df)/dx = (df)/(du) * (du)/dx`

so,

`d/dx (ln(sqrt(1-x^2)))= d/(du) ln(u) * (du)/dx`

`= 1/u * d/dx (sqrt( 1-x^2))`

`=1/sqrt( 1-x^2) * (-x/sqrt( 1-x^2))`

`= -x/( 1-x^2)`

now,as

`y'=(tanh^-1(x)+ ln(sqrt(1-x^2)))'`

`=1/( 1-x^2) +(-x/( 1-x^2))`

`= (1-x)/( 1-x^2)`

`=1/(1+x)`

What gossip about Gatsby does Nick learn at the party?

In Chapter 3, Nick attends one of Gatsby's parties for the first time. He notes that he is probably one of only a handful of people who have been invited to the party.

The rest of the guests seem to have just shown up, without formal invitations of any sort. Nick observes that these guests often "came and went without having met Gatsby at all..." In other words, many people attend Gatsby's parties to enjoy themselves at his expense.

During the party, Nick converses with Jordan Baker and two other young women. The topic of the conversation is Gatsby, of course. One of the young ladies, Lucille, contends that Gatsby is generous for a reason. She relates how she had accidentally torn her gown on a chair at one of Gatsby's parties and how Gatsby had reportedly sent her a very expensive gown to replace the one she had ruined. As a response, the other young lady quipped:

"There’s something funny about a fellow that’ll do a thing like that," said the other girl eagerly. "He doesn’t want any trouble with ANYbody."

The rumor is that Gatsby had once killed a man and doesn't want anyone to turn him in for it; this is supposedly why he is overly generous with everyone. With few facts to back her case, Lucille then pipes up that Gatsby was rumored to have been a German spy during the war. Later, Jordan tells Nick that he once confessed he had attended Oxford University; however, Jordan tells Nick that she doesn't believe Gatsby told her the truth. So, at this point in the novel, we get the idea that Gatsby is an enigmatic man who invites scrutiny. He is rumored to have been a German spy, a murderer, as well as a past Oxford University student.

What was Sodapop's goal in The Outsiders by S. E. Hinton?

Throughout the novel, Sodapop is a happy-go-lucky character who dropped out of high school to work at a gas station. Many females find Soda attractive, but he is in a relationship with a girl named Sandy who he wishes to marry. Unfortunately for Soda, Sandy's parents disapprove of their daughter marrying Soda, and she moves to Florida. Soda is devastated to find out the love of his life moved and didn't feel the same way about him. In my opinion, Sodapop's goal was to marry Sandy and start a family with her. Another issue that bothers Sodapop throughout the novel is Darry and Ponyboy's confrontational relationship. Soda supports both Pony and Darry and cannot stand to watch them fight. Another goal of Sodapop's would be to repair Darry and Pony's relationship.

What is research design, and how is it used?

In sociology, research design refers to the methods employed by social researchers to gather information about populations. Research methods can include performing experiments on individuals to track changes, surveying populations, or directly observing specific types of people. A common example of research design in sociology is field work, also called ethnography, which consists of interacting directly with the populations being researched in order to learn more about them. Research design also determines what part of the population will be researched; for example, a longitudinal study examines the same group of individuals at different points over time, and a cross-sectional study researches individuals who are different ages, but share a specific characteristic relevant to the social phenomenon being researched. It is also possible for research design to consist of secondary analysis of data from previously conducted social research.

What is found in Ponyboy's house in The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton?

Ponyboy's house has chocolate cake, cigarettes, and an unlocked door, among other objects.

Ponyboy complains his house is messy. I imagine it would be, as the only residents are three young men. Like most of the houses the greasers live in, the house is a little rundown because greasers live on the wrong side of town.  That’s what makes them greasers. 

"We're gonna clean up the house," I said. "The reporters or police or somebody might come by, and anyway, it's time for those guys from the state to come by and check up on us" (Chapter 7). 

Darry, Soda, and Pony are concerned they might be separated if people decide they do not have good living conditions. Dally was always afraid his brothers would be taken away and put in a boy’s home. He says that is why he didn’t want to call the police the night Pony came home late. 

The boys definitely live a little differently. Their breakfast routine is a good example of this. They usually eat chocolate cake (which they store in the icebox) and chocolate milk for breakfast. 

We all like our eggs done differently. I like them hard, Darry likes them in a bacon-and-tomato sandwich, and Sodapop eats his with grape jelly. All three of us like chocolate cake for breakfast (Chapter 7). 

The boys all smoke cigarettes, too — even Ponyboy.  Darry gets upset when Pony smokes in bed because he thinks Pony will fall asleep and start a fire. The house is a hangout for the greasers. The door is always unlocked “in case one of the boys is hacked off at his parents and needs a place to lay over and cool off.” As a result, Darry, Soda, and Pony never know who they’ll find in their armchair when they get up in the morning.

What were the causes, characteristics, and consequences of the modern American Civil Rights Movement and Second Reconstruction? How was this a...

The causes of the Civil Rights Movement were many and varied. In part, the movement gained speed after World War II; during the war, many African-Americans participated as soldiers or as factory workers on the home front. After returning from the war, they sought to fight for "double victory"—victory abroad against the Nazis and Japanese and victory at home in the battle for equal rights. Additionally, the Brown v. Board of Education court case in 1954, in which separate but equal education was ruled inherently unequal by the Supreme Court, resulted in the use of federal resources to fight against segregation in public places. At first, the movement was characterized by Martin Luther King and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)'s use of passive reisistance or non-violence. Over time, the movement changed to involve more non-violent student input from the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and more violent forms of protest by the Black Panthers and other groups. The consequences were the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed the abridgment of African-American voting rights. 

The Civil Rights Movement involved African-Americans actively fighting for equality in southern areas where the culture had always acted to intimidate them. The movement changed American culture forever because segregation was no longer allowed by law, and the federal government became involved in fighting to enforce desegregation. Racism in its most overt forms was outlawed, which was a radical change in culture, and non-violence became a powerful way for other groups, including women, the LBGTQ community, and Native Americans, to fight for equality. 

Although the speaker meets with his neighbor each spring to mend the wall, he thinks that the wall is unnecessary. Why?

The speaker thinks that the wall is unnecessary because the border between the two properties is already obvious, and because there are no animals to be fenced in by the wall. In other words, the wall serves no logical purpose either as a boundary or as a corral:

There where it is we do not need the wall:

He is all pine and I am apple orchard.

My apple trees will never get across

And eat the cones under his pines, I tell him.

He only says, "Good fences make good neighbours."

Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder

If I could put a notion in his head:

"Why do they make good neighbours? Isn't it

Where there are cows? But here there are no cows.

As you can see, the speaker explains that his own property has only apple trees, while his neighbor's property has only pine trees. Anyone can tell the difference between the two, so it's already clear where the neighbor's land ends and the speaker's begins. The wall, then, is unnecessary. Why bother having it, especially if you have to repair it every year? Also, it would make sense to have the wall there if each neighbor had his own cows, or even if only one neighbor had cows. The wall could physically keep the animals confined to their proper field. But there are no cows!

Since it's clear now that the wall serves no immediate function we'd expect it to, the natural follow-up question here is, "Since it does nothing, why do the neighbors keep the wall?" or "Why is this useless wall the subject of, title of, and chief symbol of a famous poem?" The answer is probably that the neighbors bond together over the wall repairs, year after year. It's funny, because while walls typically keep things hidden and separate, in this case the wall brings the two neighbors together.

The Germans had already occupied Sighet, "yet the Jews of Sighet continued to smile." Why?

The quote that you are referencing is from Elie Wiesel's seminal work on the Holocaust titled Night. The passage is from page 10:

The Germans were already in our town, the Fascist were already in power, the verdict was already out--and the Jews of Sighet were still smiling. Night, Page 10

Wiesel begins his study with the impact of the Germans marching into his hometown of Sighet. While the Jewish population was clearly concerned and in fear about the Nazi penetration of Hungary, something happened when the members of his hometown met the Germans. The Nazis seemed to do no harm to the Jewish population at first. They lived among the Jews and were at times quite charming. The optimistic Jews in the town even mocked those that were concerned about the Germans earlier:

Three days after he (the German officer) moved in, he brought Mrs. Kahn a box of chocolates. The optimists were jubilant: "Well? What did we tell you? You wouldn't believe us. There they are, your Germans. What do you say now? Where is their famous cruelty?"  Night, Page 10

As you can see, the reason that the Jews of Sighet were smiling is because the Germans were not cruel to them at first. In another act of evil, they wanted the tormented Jews to trust them.

How did the philosophers Locke and Descartes view personal identity?

French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) has been called the father of modern western philosophy. English philosopher John Locke (1632-1704) is a principal figure of the Enlightenment movement.

Personal identity is a topic most philosophers have addressed, attempting to answer questions such as these: Who am I? What does it mean to be a person? Do I matter? How do I know I’m the same person I was in the past?

Descartes is credited with the famous words, "Cogito ergo sum" I think, therefore I exist. He espoused the concept of dualism, division of the mind and the physical body. He believed the material body cannot define personal identity because the body changes over time. He pointed to the immortal soul as the source of identity, believing it remains the same over time.

Locke similarly believed consciousness to be the source of identity. Because we have consciousness of ourselves through memory, Locke pointed to memory as the source of personal identity. In contrast to Descartes, Locke remained ambivalent as to the immortality of the soul, believing it was not a necessary concept for explaining identity. Because memories change and can be lost, Locke also believed identity was fluid and transitory. A criticism of Locke’s view is that if a person forgets or has a faulty memory of an event of his life, he cannot claim to be the same person who experienced it.

What is the cause of the boy's late arrival at Araby?

The boy's late arrival at the bazaar called "Araby" is his uncle's fault. The boy can't leave for the bazaar until he gets some money. The adults in the story cannot understand the importance of the bazaar because they are unaware of the boy's love for Mangan's sister. The boy doesn't want to go to Araby for his own sake, but rather because he promised to buy Mangan's sister something while there. He is not only suffering from the pangs of young love, but he is also being tortured because his uncle is unusually late to arrive home. At one point his aunt says,

I'm afraid you may put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord.

The narrator specifies that these were "the short days of winter," which would make it seem more and more impracticable to leave for the bazaar as time went on. 

At nine o'clock I heard my uncle's latchkey in the hall door. I heard him talking to himself and heard the hallstand rocking when it had received the weight of his overcoat. I could interpret these signs. When he was midway through his dinner I asked him to give me the money to go to the bazaar. He had forgotten.

When the narrator says he could interpret these signs, he obviously means that when he hears his uncle talking to himself and hears the hallstand rocking under the weight of the overcoat, he knows his uncle had stayed late at some pub and gotten drunk. His uncle forgot about his promise to give the boy some money to spend at the bazaar. No doubt the boy would ordinarily have realized it was too late and too cold to be leaving at nine o'clock, especially since it might take him another hour to get there. His promise to Mangan's sister makes him feel he has an important quest and must endure all obstacles to fulfill it. The boy prudently endures another delay, waiting until his uncle is midway through his dinner before asking for the money. He hopes the food will make his uncle more sober and therefore easier to deal with. Evidently, the boy has had plenty of experience dealing with his uncle when he has been drinking. Finally, he receives a coin from his inebriated uncle, who insists on reciting The Arab's Farewell to his Steed.

I held a florin tightly in my hand as I strode down Buckingham Street towards the station. 

A florin was a British silver coin worth two shillings. The train takes an intolerable amount of time to start and then seems to creep among "ruinous houses" to its destination. The boy arrives at about the time the bazaar is ready to close. It is two minutes to ten. 

Nearly all the stalls were closed and the greater part of the hall was in darkness.

The contrast between the reality of the place that calls itself by the exotic name of "Araby" and the boy's expectations is the main point of the story. The boy doesn't have enough money to buy anything, even if all the stalls had been open. 

I allowed the two pennies to fall against the sixpence in my pocket.

He pays a shilling to enter this closing bazaar, and most of the remainder of the florin went for train fare. He had only eight cents left to spend on a present for Mangan's sister. One of the few concessions that was still open seemed to be offering nothing but "great jars that stood like eastern guards at either side of the dark entrance to the stall." 

What are examples of irony and what is the main conflict in the short story "The Lady or the Tiger"?

There are two examples of situational irony in Frank Stockton's short story "The Lady or the Tiger." Situational irony is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually exists or happens. In the story a "semi-barbaric" king sets up a system of justice whereby an accused criminal determines his own fate with a simple choice. He is led into an arena with two doors. Behind one of the doors is a tiger, which would kill him, and behind the other door is a lady, to whom he would be married. This "justice" is highly ironic because an accused man who was actually guilty could end up choosing the lady and thwarting the law by walking away a free man. On the other hand, an innocent man may choose the tiger and be brutally punished for something he never did. 

The second example of irony is in the fact that the princess discovers the secret of the doors when her lover is accused and set to stand trial in the arena. What the king had believed to be "incorruptible" has become corrupted by his own daughter. The system of justice, which had been conceived as flawless and completely fair, has been altered by the whims of one person.

That the princess's lover is accused and set to go into the arena provides the major conflict in the story. The princess suffers from an internal conflict over her lover. Because she learns the secret of the doors she is torn between saving her lover, who would then be married to a woman who is despised by the princess, or allowing him to be devoured by the tiger. While the narrator presents arguments for each choice, he never provides a resolution and the reader is left to decide whether the princess saved her lover or had him killed out of jealousy.

What is corporate governance and how does it relate to ethics? Consider how the moral nature of international business is always linked to the...

Corporate governance is a system of rules, practices, and processes for organizing and controlling a company. What makes this so complex is that several different types of stakeholders affect how a company is governed, including a board of directors, shareholders, workers, and company executives. Often their interests are not aligned. 

The ethical issues that arise have in part to do with these competing interests. For example, executives want the highest possible salaries, but that is not compatible with reducing costs, something customers and shareholders want. Reducing costs might involve minimizing taxes or harming the environment, which is not in the public interest. Because multinational corporations may lack local loyalties, they often act in ways which do not account for their ethical obligations to their communities. 

Another issue is that what is considered ethical in one country is unethical in others. For example, in North America, bribery is illegal; in some other countries, it is impossible to get permits or conduct many types of business without paying bribes. Also, by outsourcing production to countries with fewer environmental regulations or weaker labor protections, companies can increase profits, albeit at the expense of harming the environment or employing child labor, which is ethically questionable.

How much irony is used in "The Ransom of Red Chief" by O. Henry?

The story "The Ransom of Red Chief" is ironic, in that the outcome is the opposite of what the reader might expect. Two men kidnap the son of a prosperous man in Alabama and expect the father will be grief-stricken when he hears his son has been abducted and that, as a result, he will pay the kidnappers at least $2,000. From the beginning of their abduction of the boy, who calls himself Red Chief, everything goes contrary to the kidnappers' plans. First, the little boy proves to be far more fearsome than the kidnappers. For example, he tries to scalp one of them in his role as an Indian chief. This is ironic because the kidnappers are expected to be scarier than the boy. Second, the boy is not only unafraid of his abduction, he loves being kidnapped and finds the experience far more fun than being at home or school. Therefore, he has no inclination to go home—another form of irony. Finally, the father of the boy tells the kidnappers they have to pay him to convince him to take back the boy. Therefore, in the ultimate ironic twist, the kidnappers wind up paying the father to take the pesky boy back.

Why did Europeans look for sea routes to India?

There are two reasons for this.  First, Europeans wanted to go to India because India was a major trade hub for spices, silks, and ivory--things that brought a hefty price at market in Europe.  Marco Polo started this in the thirteenth century when he wrote a travelogue about the Silk Road.  The second thing that we should examine is why Europeans needed a sea route to India. By 1500, the Ottoman Turks had taken control of the land route to India.  Constantinople fell in 1453 and Turkish forces were waging war in the Balkans.  While the Turks would let trade caravans through, they had to pay heavy fees.  Also, robbers from Muslim armies and Christian deserters would raid the caravans.  The sea route was supposed to be shorter according to the ancient Greeks, and one would bypass the deserts and mountains along the Silk Road that would be hazardous no matter who was in charge of the route.  

Please provide evidence that Macbeth is the protagonist.

To be a protagonist, typically a character need only be the main character of the text in which he or she figures.  One good clue that Macbeth is the play's protagonist is that it is named after him; he is the titular character.  Further, it is his actions, and the things that happen to him, that the text follows.  It begins with the Weird Sisters in Act 1, scene I, but even they reference Macbeth, the character, as they make plans to meet him.  From then, the play follows Macbeth as he learns the Sisters' prophecies, goes home to confer with his wife, kills Duncan, arranges for Banquo's murder, and so on.  Although some scenes do not include Macbeth -- one shows just the Weird Sisters, another Macduff and Malcolm, another Macduff's family, etc. -- even characters in these scenes discuss Macbeth or witness the result of his actions.

What is the best way to learn how to improvise sentences in Japanese?

The best way to practice improvising in any language is to have a conversation in that language, especially if your partner is a native speaker of that language. Do you have any classmates, friends, or family who also study or speak Japanese? If so, maybe you could have a conversation together, coming up with challenging questions that encourage you to think of new answers. If there isn't anyone who can speak with you in-person, you could consider finding an online "penpal" who can video chat with you in Japanese. Many tutoring companies now offer video-chat for students who are working with their tutors from a distance-- this might be a good way for you to practice with someone who can correct your grammar if need be.

Alternately, you could try the following exercises which do not require conversation partners. The first exercise is essentially writing and re-writing a sentence. Think of a question or phrase which might come up in conversation, such as, "How are you?" Next, write down as many possible answers, in as many possible variations as you can think of. While both, "Good," and "I'm doing very well," carry similar meaning, they express different levels of formality. This is a great way to help you strengthen your mental bank of answers to questions which might come up in conversation, allowing you to improvise more easily. The next exercise I recommend is to create some flash cards of verbs, nouns, and adjectives. Draw several from the "deck" of cards, and challenge yourself to create a sensible sentence using those words! 

You might also enjoy watching films or television programs in Japanese to hear the many different ways one phrase can be said. Japanese language employs different word forms and grammar structures based on level of formality, so watching a variety of films may help you get a feel for when it's appropriate to use certain forms of language. 

Why was Andrew Johnson important in the U.S. Civil War?

Andrew Johnson was the military governor of Tennessee after the state fell into Union hands in early 1863.  He was a moderate Democrat from East Tennessee who pulled a gun on some secessionists who tried to stop his train to Nashville to take the oath of office.  While in office, he made sure that Nashville was a major Union supply depot for Grant's army at Vicksburg and during the early days of Sherman's Atlanta campaign.  Johnson's main contribution to the Civil War was how he helped to balance Lincoln's ticket in 1864, since if the Peace Democrats under McClellan won, the Confederates might have gained a negotiated peace and independence.  Johnson was the first vice-president to take over after his predecessor was assassinated and he failed to contend with the Radical Republicans in Congress, who did not trust his Democratic leanings or his Southern roots.   

In the book "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime," why is Christopher fascinated with illustrations, diagrams, and maps?

In Mark Haddon's novel "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime," the protagonist Christopher describes himself as a "mathematician with some behavioral difficulties." It is implied throughout the course of the book that Christopher might have some mild form of Autism, such as Asperger's Syndrome (although I should clarify that this is never directly addressed in the book but is stated in the book's blurbs). 

Christopher's complex mind has many facets and one of those facets is his ability to think logically. This might explain why he is fascinated by illustrations, diagrams, and maps. As a logical thinker, he is naturally gifted at reading, analyzing, and understanding complex images and grids. Being able to study these illustrations takes the stress off his mind. In doing this, his mind feels relaxed.