What are the similarities between a unitary and federal government system?

There are not necessarily any similarities at all between these two systems other than the fact that both have governments.  These two systems can be quite different.

In a federal system, power is shared (by law) between a national government and local governments (often called state or provincial governments).  Neither level of government can legally take power away from the other level.  In a unitary system, things are different.  The national government is the only government that has the right to exist.  The national government can create local governments and give them powers, but it can always take those powers away.  The national government, in this system, is all-powerful and the local governments (if they exist) only have whatever powers the national government decides that they should have.

From this, we can see that these two have little in common.  Both systems can have national and local governments, but they do not have to.  Both systems can be democratic, but they do not have to be.  The only thing that they have to have in common is that they both have to have a national government of some sort.

What role does religion play in John Steinbeck's The Pearl?

The community in which Kino and his family live is dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. The priest is extremely influential in the affairs of the town. Kino and Juana are firm believers in the involvement of God in their lives, yet their belief is also mixed with some superstition. Juana is sure that the discovery of the pearl is an answer to her prayer. This will mean an increase in their standard of living and can only be the result of divine intervention.

As events progress, however, Juana changes her mind and sees the pearl as a curse on their family. Only bad things, not good things, happen after the discovery. They are victims of attack and attempted robbery, leading to Kino commit murder to protect the pearl. They attempt to go to the city, but in a confrontation, their son is killed.

Kino now agrees with his wife that the pearl is cursed. Returning home, they throw the pearl back into the sea, hoping to appease God and be released from the evil effects it has brought. This belief in an inanimate object as the focus of a curse is reflective of their superstitious beliefs.

The belief that human beings are subject to the whims of an often vengeful god is reflective of the teachings of some primitive religions among the native peoples. This influences their understandings of the teaching of the church that is so central to their lives.

What are the consequences Maycomb's children face in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird?

Though Scout, Jem, and Dill undertake many devious deeds in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, the only consequences they face are lessons learned in life such as the need to respect others. The reason why they face no further consequences is because Atticus is a firm believer in allowing children to grow and learn at their own pace.

Scout, Jem, and Dill particularly behave deviously when they start trying to entice their reclusive neighbor Arthur Radley, whom they call Boo Radley, out of his house. Their devious deeds involve betting each other to touch the Radleys's house, using a fishing pole to try and leave a letter on a window sill of the Radley Place, inventing a game of mockery in which they enact all the rumors and myths they've heard surrounding Arthur's life, and even trespassing on the Radley property to try and get a look at Arthur through a window at night. Although on the night they trespass, they hear Arthur's brother, Nathan Radley, firing shots, they make it off the property unharmed. Hence, the true consequences of their actions don't come until, as they begin to understand Arthur more and more, they realize how disrespectful they have been through their actions and feel remorseful.

They begin to understand Arthur more and more when they begin to realize he is leaving them gifts in the knothole of an oak tree on the Radleys' property and performing acts of kindness such as mending Jem's torn trousers and wrapping Scout up in a blanket as she and Jem stand in front of the Radley gate in the freezing wee hours of the morning as Miss Maudie's house burns. Due to these acts of kindness, the children come to realize Arthur is not the monster they assume he is but rather a very caring and benevolent person.

Jem's sense of guilt for their actions is reflected when he cries once he realizes he has no way of thanking Arthur, of showing kindness in return, because Nathan had sealed up the knothole in the oak tree. Later, Scout reflects on her own sense of guilt as she walks past the Radley Place on her own once she starts the third grade:

I sometimes felt a twinge of remorse, when passing by the old place, at ever having taken part in what must have been sheer torment to Arthur Radley--what reasonable recluse wants children peeping through his shutters, delivering greetings on the end of a fishing-pole, wandering in his collards at night? (Ch. 26)

Scout's remorseful thoughts show us just how much the children feel guilty as a consequence of their actions because they have learned the necessity of being respectful towards others.

What are the four main incidents in The Story of My Life?

Helen Keller detailed the events of her life from her birth to her early twenties in her autobiography, The Story of My Life.  She detailed many important events in her life.  The following are four very important ones:

- Helen Keller lost her sight and hearing when she was almost two years old.  She had what doctors called "acute congestion of the stomach and brain."  They thought that Helen might not live.  She did live, but the sickness caused her to become deaf and blind.

-  Annie Sullivan came to live with the Keller family.  She became Helen's teacher and her constant companion.  Miss Sullivan was a determined woman.  She did not give up on Helen.

-  After many attempts, Annie helped Helen to discover language.  Helen had a breakthrough moment when Miss Sullivan held her hand under a waterspout.  As the water poured over Helen's hand, Miss Sullivan spelled "w-a-t-e-r" into the girl's palm.  Helen made the connection that those letters meant the cool liquid.  After that, she began to learn how to communicate through fingerspelling.  Helen later said that the word "water" "awakened [her] soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free!"

-  Miss Sullivan taught Helen how to communicate and learn.  Helen was able to go to school.  She attended school beginning in 1894.  Helen studied mathematics, literature, history, and many other subjects.  She learned to write using a special typewriter.  Helen also made attempts to learn how to speak.  Helen even went to college.

What job was regarded as the least prestigious in Jonas' community?

In "The Giver," by Lois Lowry, there are a number of set and regular career assignments in Jonas' community. Some become nurturers, others are representatives in the department of justice, and others are engineers. Generally speaking, none of these careers are considered more or less valuable in the community; at the Ceremony of Twelve, the same amount of applause is given to a new fish hatchery assistant as to a teacher.

However, when a girl is announced as a new Birthmother at Jonas' Ceremony of Twelve, he remembers his mother saying that her position was one without honor. She would be taken care of for three years while she birthed children, and then would spend the rest of her career as a Laborer.

Jonas does not have the same opinion as his mother, and thinks that the new Birthmother, Inger, would do a good job. He thinks that the role of Birthmother is "an important job, if lacking in prestige."

This shows that certain positions may have more exposure or attention in the community, but any issue of inequality is a matter of personal opinion, not of the institutions themselves.

How can you describe Juliet's love for Romeo in Act 2, scene 2?

In this scene (as in most scenes), Juliet is incredibly thoughtful, and her love for Romeo seems to outweigh every other consideration: family pride, personal relationships, and so on.  She ponders the meaning, or rather the meaninglessness, of a name, especially given the feud between their families.  She says, "'Tis but thy name that is my enemy. / Thou art thyself, though not a Montague" (2.2.41-42).  She means that it is not Romeo, himself, that is her enemy, but only his name, and it is not his name that makes him who he is; it is himself.  Therefore, he is not her enemy, only his name is, and so she can feel free to love him.  It's really a pretty meditative and philosophical line of thought, especially for one so young (she's only 13!).  Juliet hopes that Romeo would be willing to give up his name since it really is no part of himself, but if he is unwilling, she says, "be but sworn my love, / And I'll no longer be a Capulet" (2.2.38-39).  In other words, she is willing to give up her family, her identity and relationships even, to be with him.  Even at this incredibly early stage of their relationship, Juliet is quite committed.

What is the mood as Act III, Scene 2 of A Midsummer Night's Dream?

The mood in Act III, scene ii of A Midsummer Night's Dream is multi-layered.  In this scene, we learn from Puck about the effects of the love juice on Titania.  In a humorous exchange between Oberon and Puck, we learn that Titania has fallen in love with Bottom, who has been given a donkey's head by Puck.  The audience is meant to find the situation humorous.

The mood later becomes suspenseful and dreamlike when Helena, Demetrius, Lysander, and Hermia meet again in the woods.  Lysander and Demetrius are both affected by the love juice, creating a suspenseful mood as the audience isn't sure what the end result is going to be.  The scene becomes confusing because we don't know who is supposed to be with who.  The relationships are so mixed up, and the characters are exchanging words/insults so quickly, that it is easy for the audience to get just as mixed up as the characters.

What are some lessons that Meg learns in A Wrinkle in Time? What does she learn about herself, the world, and others?

In Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time, Meg Murry (the protagonist) struggles with her "unfeminine" personality and awkward appearance--not to mention her unorthodox approach to her schoolwork, which makes her teachers believe that she is "slow." Meg feels inadequate in comparison to her beautiful and capable scientist mother and her genius little brother, Charles.

After meeting Mrs. Whatsit, Mrs. Who, and Mrs. Which, Meg learns of the reality of "tessering" (or time traveling) and is taken to the planet where the guides originated. There, Meg learns about the Black Thing, the evil forces which cover planets and disturb the minds and actions of people. It becomes rapidly apparent that the world around Meg is not what she thought it was; even her personal beliefs are unraveled by the new knowledge that her father (who disappeared many years before) is actually alive on another planet and in need of rescuing. 

Throughout the book, Meg is determined to rid herself of her faults, but she realizes something critical about herself when Mrs. Whatsit gives her her own faults as a "gift." Acknowledging her faults instead of running from them is an incredible act of empowerment. She is able to use one of her largest faults--her temper--in order to get angry rather than fearful when fighting off the forces of evil. 

As for others: Meg learns that she is capable of loving them and being loved by them. She is strengthened by the love of Charles and her budding romance with Calvin. This is a remarkable discovery for a girl who has otherwise felt alienated and ostracized by those around her.

In Act 5 of Romeo and Juliet, Juliet shows a side to her we have never seen before. When does she reveal this side of her and what is it like?...

In this act, Juliet actually speaks very little, and only in scene III, when she first awakens and finds herself in her family's vault.  Juliet's brief speech emphasizes her newfound decisiveness.  Consider how long and how much she had to say when she learned that Romeo had slain Tybalt; she spent quite a while working through her conflicting responses and trying to decide what to do and how to feel.  Recall, also, the lengthy speech she gave just prior to drinking the potion that Friar Lawrence had given her or her need to seek out the friar's advice when she learns that she will be made to marry the County Paris.  No, now, Juliet acts against the friar's wishes and quickly makes the decision to end her life and be with Romeo.  She does not take time or need to consider her options; there are none in her mind.  This side of her is revealed when she realizes that her husband is dead.

Juliet certainly seems a great deal more self-assured in this scene than she has in any other.  There is no need for her to ponder, no need to question or worry over what consequences her actions might have.  Realizing that there is no more poison left in Romeo's vial, and hearing voices outside, she says, "Yea, noise?  Then I'll be brief.  O happy dagger, / This is thy sheath" (5.3.174-175).  Thus, in the sense that Juliet has become more and more capable of taking decisive and immediate action, she seems to have developed a sense of certainty in her decisions that she's not exhibited before. 

What is your daily caloric intake?

A person's recommended daily caloric intake is based on their body mass (calculated by height and weight) and their activity level. It is also a good idea to factor in a person's health status and developmental stage in life. For example, adolescents may require higher caloric intake than adults or the elderly of a similar body mass, because their bodies are still growing. Activity level is a really important part of determining a healthy daily caloric intake, and you might find that you are able to adjust your intake naturally! Have you ever had a busy day of physical activity and felt really hungry later on? That's because you burned a lot of energy and your body wants replenishing!

The Mayo Clinic offers this free calculator to determine an appropriate daily caloric intake based on age and body mass. This calculator, offered by the Bodybuilding website, also factors in your activity level and any weight adjustment goals a person might have. 

Personally, my daily caloric intake varies between 1,500 and 3,000 calories! That may sound like a lot, but such variation is quite common! On days when I exercise or work in my garden, I feel more hungry than on the days I sit at my computer for work. Also, some days I am really in the mood for fresh fruits and vegetables, which can be very filling due to their high fiber content, but offer a lower calorie value because of their fat and carbohydrate content. 

To find out your personal daily caloric intake, try keeping track of your eating habits for a few days or even a week. Write down what foods you ate and in what amounts. You may also want to keep track of how much water you drink and what kind of physical activity you engage in, if any. After several days of keeping track of your eating behavior-- ideally without any conscious effort to manipulate your food intake-- take an average of your daily caloric intake. Most people don't eat the same foods for every meal each day, so tracking your eating habits over several days and calculating an average allows you to find a value which is more likely to be representative of your typical intake.

What is hereditary rule by one person known as?

The most likely answer to your question is “monarchy.”  Monarchy is the term that applies to almost every system of government in which a country is ruled by one person who gains their political legitimacy from their membership in a given family.

In a true monarchy, the ultimate authority rests with one person.  We typically call that person the king, the queen, or the emperor.  While that person has certain pressures on them to rule in particular ways, there is no one who actually has the legal authority to overrule them or to tell them what to do.

In a monarchy, power is hereditary.  Queen Elizabeth I of England had the right to rule because her father had been King Henry VIII.  She was selected because of her bloodlines, not because of her political skills or her charisma.  The same held true for all monarchies, which is why monarchies would occasionally fall into civil war when a monarch died and there was no single person who was clearly the most closely related to that monarch.  Since power was supposed to be hereditary, tremendous problems could arise when there was no person who clearly “deserved” to inherit that power.

Not every country that has hereditary rule by one person is called a monarchy.  We do not call North Korea a monarchy even though it has now had three autocratic rulers, all from the same family.  Kim Il Sung took power when North Korea became a country.  His son, Kim Jong Il replaced him when he died.  When Kim Jong Il died, his son, Kim Jong Un, replaced him.  This country certainly appears to be a monarchy, but we do not call it that because it claims to be communist.

Countries like North Korea notwithstanding, the best answer for this question is that this type of governmental system is called a monarchy. 

How are Raymond and Squeaky alike in "Raymond's Run" by Toni Cade Bambara?

In “Raymond’s Run” by Toni Cade Bambara, Squeaky and her brother Raymond are alike in a number of ways.

Both Squeaky and Raymond are products of their inter-city Harlem neighborhood. Raymond has developmental disabilities and is usually in Squeaky’s care. She takes him with her wherever she goes. While they travel through their neighborhood, Squeaky practices her breathing techniques while Raymond prances near her and uses his vivid imagination.

Although Squeaky shows off her bravado, she questions many things about her identity. She bases her whole identity on her practice ethic and ability to run.

At the May Day race, Raymond demonstrates how he is similar to his sister when he lines up on the other side of the fence and shows his running prowess. During all of those days spent together when Squeaky thought Raymond was just tagging along, he was really absorbing her practice ethics and love for running. They are both good runners, which is a tradition in their family. Raymond demonstrates his potential as more than just a person with disabilities, while Squeaky realizes she has potential to be a friend and more than runner. At the conclusion of the story, Raymond and Squeaky both show joy at their accomplishments. They are both simply “people.”

And by the time he comes over I’m jumping up and down so glad to see him—my brother Raymond, a great runner in the family tradition.

How does Lessing build suspense in the story "Through the Tunnel"?

Doris Lessing builds suspense in "Through the Tunnel" by using words with negative connotations and painful imagery to describe Jerry's experience at the "wild bay."  Instead of the "safe beach," where his mother sits, "a speck of yellow under an umbrella that looked like a slice of orange peel," Jerry's bay consists of "rough, sharp rock" and water with "stains of purple and darker blue," like bruises.  He must run, "sliding and scraping" down the hill to the water, only to see "rocks [that] lay like discolored monsters" at the bottom.  The stains sound like terrible bruises, the kind one might receive from coming into contact with the sharp rock formations; sliding and scraping makes one think of skin being scratched off knees or hands or elbows by rough stones.  To then compare, via simile, the rocks under the water to monsters seems to be yet another sign that this is a dangerous place, and that Jerry is, perhaps, somewhat out of his depth (so to speak).  These descriptions create a mood of foreboding and suspense as we wonder what other dangers he will encounter here.

Further, Lessing has Jerry count in order to keep track of how long he and the other, older boys stay under water before coming up for air.  When Jerry is actually in the tunnel in the moments leading up to and during the climax, he counts, but, as he runs out of oxygen and begins to lose consciousness, he remains stuck on "a hundred and fifteen" for some time.  He—and we—know this means we don't have an accurate idea of how long he's been down or how much longer Jerry can go before drowning, and this creates a great deal of tension and suspense for the reader.

What is Macbeth's reaction to the witches' "news," and does this change when he finds out he is the Thane of Cawdor?

Initially, Macbeth is incredulous; he cannot believe what the Weird Sisters have told him.  He wants them to keep talking and to tell him more, including how they know the information they claim to know and how they came to meet with Macbeth and Banquo on the heath.  When the witches vanish, Macbeth is awestruck and says that he wishes they had stayed to answer his questions.  Banquo wonders if he and Macbeth were hallucinating when they saw the weird women, and the pair of friends seems to joke about the oddness of the experience. 

However, once Ross and Angus tell Macbeth that he's been named the Thane of Cawdor, Macbeth expresses confusion, but then he begins to hope (privately) that the sisters' other prediction would come true.  He says, "Two truths are told / As happy prologues to the swelling act / Of the imperial theme" (1.3.140-142).  He refers to the fact that the Weird Sisters were right -- he is the Thane of both Glamis and Cawdor now -- and so he begins to think that he cannot but become king (the "imperial theme"), as they said he would.  In other words, he goes from disbelief and shock to acceptance and certainty.

How do you write conditional sentences, specifically about both supporting and opposing the concept of homework?

Conditional sentences are about conditions. That is, they say that one thing (the result) will happen if a second thing (the condition) happens.

"If I sleep through my alarm clock, I'll be late to school." That's a conditional sentence. It has a condition ("If I sleep through my alarm clock") as well as a result ("I'll be late to school"). Be sure to use a comma after the condition, before the result: "If (condition), result." 

You can flip around the condition and the result, if you prefer: "I'll be late to school if I sleep through my alarm clock." In this case, you don't use a comma between the result and the condition.

Now let's think about how to write sentences like this about your topic: whether we should be for or against the practice of assigning homework to students.

Think about what you might say about homework as you use these sentence patterns:

1. "If _____, _____."

2. "_____ if _____."

Whenever you're considering whether to support or oppose an idea, think of how supporting the idea could lead to good results and bad results; then think of how opposing the idea could lead to its own set of good results and bad results.

So, ask yourself these 4 questions:

1. What would a good result be if we do have homework?

Examples: "If students practice what they've learned in school, they'll become more skilled and competent." "Students will gain confidence in problem-solving skills if they practice by themselves what they've learned."

2. What would a bad result be if we do have homework?

Examples: "If teachers assign homework regularly, they will quickly become overwhelmed with grading piles and piles of assignments." "Students will miss out on recreational and social activities if they are stuck in their rooms all afternoon doing homework."

3. What would a good result be if we don't have homework?

Examples: "If our weekends are free from homework, we can develop our talents for non-academic skills like baking and archery." "We can spend more time with our friends and develop better social skills if we aren't worried about completing daily homework assignments after school."

4. What would a bad result be if we don't have homework?

Examples: "If students are never held responsible for work outside the classroom, they won't develop a work ethic or a sense of independence." "Students will forget everything they learned in school if they don't practice it on their own outside the classroom."

What are the main ideas of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations?

Many fundamental economic principles found their first, or their most elegant, expression in Smith's The Wealth of Nations. This is by no means an exhaustive list, as Smith's work is very comprehensive, but below are a few of the main ideas of the work.

• Division of labor: Using the production of pins as a sort of thought experiment, Smith showed that the best way to maximize efficiency in production was to foster specialization by dividing the production of goods into simple tasks.


• Laissez-faire: Smith did not actually use this phrase, which is nevertheless often associated with him. But Smith did accept the basic premise that government intervention in the economy was not generally for the better. Smith was writing specifically about mercantilist laws, such as protective tariffs. He thought that, left alone, businessmen would make rational decisions about how best to employ their capital, which was best for everyone involved.


• The "invisible hand": Smith argued that men were driven by self-interest, or, in economic terms, the profit motive. He did not imagine that this was a bad thing, but rather, as noted above, for the benefit of all. If people could make their own economic decisions, they would be more likely to make the decision that was best for them, and the overall economy would benefit. He said that people were guided by an "invisible hand" of self-interest to employ their capital in a way that benefited the most people.


• The labor theory of value: Smith argued that it was actually labor that gave commodities their value, and that real wealth was the ability to purchase labor to employ in the creation of commodities. "Labour," he wrote, "is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities."

Compare and contrast the four categories of men present in "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night."

Dylan Thomas' "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" is a masterful example of the villanelle, a poetic form structured around sequences of repeating lines. In the poem, Thomas references and discusses four types of men: good men, wise men, wild men, and grave men.

The major comparison that can be made between the different types of men is that each of them experiences a major realization upon their respective death beds. The nature of these realizations, however, is different. Wise men, for instance, realize that their "words had forked no lightning" (5), and so it's suggested that wise men's wisdom is not as important in the end as it was perceived to be. In contrast, good men lament "Their frail deeds," (8) and so it seems as though they have failed to live life to the fullest. In the following stanza, wild men mourn the passing of their strength, as they "caught and sang the sun in flight/ And learned, too late, they grieved it on its way" (10). Finally, grave men enjoy the most optimistic epiphany, as they learn "Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay" (14). This quote suggests that a perceived disability, such as blind eyes, is not, in the end, as debilitating as it might have been considered during life.

All in all, each type of man experiences a major insight or realization within the poem. The nature of these realizations differs, although most of them (except for the last one) seem to involve a sudden understanding about a missed or lost opportunity.  

What is the Logans' most valuable possession in Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry by Mildred D. Taylor?

The Logans’ most valuable possession was their land. 

Very few people own land in the Logans’ area, and of them very few are black.  Most of the blacks were previously slaves, and then might be serving as share-croppers working someone else’s land.  In some ways, share-cropping was almost as bad as slavery because a person could never make enough money at it. 

Owning land is hard though.  Even if you do not have a mortgage, you have to pay taxes on the land.  If the land is worth a lot, the taxes can be prohibitive.  The Logans constantly worry about keeping their land.  They depend on crops from the land; they have to bring in money to pay for its upkeep. 

In 1887, when the land was up for sell again, Grandpa had bought two hundred acres of it, and in 1918, after the first two hundred acres had been paid off, he had bought another two hundred. It was good rich land, much of it still virgin forest, and there was no debt on half of it. (Ch. 1) 

Cassie asks her father why the land is so important.  On the one hand, she understands that her family values the land highly and is proud of it, and that people like the Grangers try to get them to sell.  She just does not really appreciate what matters so much about the land because she is young. 

“Look out there, Cassie girl. All that belongs to you. You ain’t never had to live on nobody’s place but your own and long as I live and the family survives, you’ll never have to.  That’s important. You may not understand that now, but one day you will. Then you’ll see.” (Ch. 1) 

To Cassie’s father, the land is their heritage.  It makes them more equal to the whites.  It is also a legacy that he can pass on to his children.  If they do things right, the land will stay in the family for generations.

In The Importance of Being Earnest, how are Algernon and Jack different from each other?

Although there are definite similarities between Jack and Algernon (Algy), including that both are "Bunburyists" and both pretend to be Earnest Worthing, Jack and Algy are quite different. While Algy enjoys talking nonsense and has no obvious redeeming qualities, Jack has a more serious side. Jack has come to town to propose to Gwendolyn, and he thinks getting engaged is romantic, but Algy doesn't "see anything romantic in proposing." Jack has responsibility for his ward, Cecily, and therefore finds that he must "adopt a high moral tone on all subjects." Algy has no responsibilities and therefore doesn't feel the need to even pretend to be virtuous. Although both Algy and Jack become engaged to their sweethearts in the play, Jack's feelings for Gwendolyn are undoubtedly deeper and more sincere than Algy's, since Jack has been pursuing Gwendolyn for some time while Algy has only just met Cecily. Both men are independently wealthy through no effort of their own. However, since Algy was born into an aristocratic family, he seems to take his wealth for granted. Jack, a foundling, seems to express sincere gratitude for the upbringing and inheritance he received from his benefactor. Jack seems to display a sincere desire, at least initially, to protect Cecily from the corrupting influence of Algy, which is why he won't give Algy his address in the country. Algy seeks out the young ward of his friend with the express intention of corrupting her by wooing her under a false identity. So although Jack and Algy are alike, and indeed turn out to be brothers, Jack displays more seriousness and sincerity than Algy does.

In Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, what good does Tom Robinson do?

Tom Robinson is an all-around good guy. He is a faithful husband and father, a good worker and neighbor, and is respectful and well-mannered under the worst conditions. In Chapter Nine, when Scout finds out that her father will defend Tom in court, he explains to her that Tom is a member of Calpurnia's church and they are "clean-living folks" (75). That means that Tom and his family work for what they get and they are morally upstanding people. Because Tom is such a good-natured man, he is willing to help out a neighbor whenever he can. For example, each time Mayella Ewell asks him into her yard to do a simple chore for her, Tom does it with respect and doesn't demand anything from her for it. Tom's employer, Link Deas, publicly announces in court about what good he does:

"I just want the whole lot of you to know one thing right now. That boy's worked for me eight years an' I ain't had a speck o'trouble outa him. Not a speck" (195).

The fact that Tom doesn't make trouble is how he "does good," too. Even when the prosecuting attorney, Mr. Gilmer, condescendingly speaks to Tom, he always responds with "Yes, sir" or "No, sir." He also doesn't trample over his accuser's namesake when Mr. Gilmer asks if he is calling Mayella a liar. Tom merely says, "I don't say she's lyin', Mr. Gilmer, I say she's mistaken in her mind" (197). Being polite under such circumstances is always a good thing, too. Beyond everything, he is a good example of a mockingbird. He never hurts or pesters anyone.

In the play, The Crucible, what does Abigail say to John Proctor to convince him to be with her?

Abigail Williams tries to convince John Proctor to be with her by emphasizing the fact that it was his wife, Elizabeth, who fired her seven months ago, not him.  She reminds him of the sexual heat and passion between them before Elizabeth released Abigail from their service.  She says, "I saw your face when she put me out, and you loved me then and you do now!"  She believes that John still loves her, and he does not deny it; he only says that he will never "reach" for her again.  Moreover, Abigail says that she has looked out her window at night and seen John looking up at it, "burning in [his] loneliness."  She knows that he is lonely and that he still, to some extent, desires and even cares for her, and she tries to get him to give in to those feelings.  Abigail also insults Elizabeth, calling her "sickly" and accusing her of trying to harm Abigail's reputation in town.  Of course, none of this works, and John rebuffs Abigail and returns to his wife.

Is the island in Lord of the Flies considered a microcosm?

Yes. A microcosm is essentially a smaller version of something much larger. William Golding uses the uninhabited island as the setting for his novel Lord of the Flies to represent a microcosm of civilization at large. The events that transpire on the island mimic the moral demise of society which is a result of humanity's inherent wickedness. Similar to society at large, the boys attempt to organize themselves by electing a leader, establishing rules, prioritizing tasks, and holding assemblies. As the novel progresses, tensions develop between Jack and his band of hunters, and Ralph and his supporters. Ralph and Jack have drastically different agendas, and the majority of the boys wish to satisfy their carnal desires instead of maintaining a structured society. The "moral fabric" of their society gradually diminishes, and they develop into savage barbarians.

Golding introduces aspects from the "adult world" to compare how the problems with society on the island are similar to civilizations' larger issues. While the children are stranded on the island, a World War is simultaneously taking place around them. The immoral behavior and savagery taking place on the island is a microcosm of the ongoing World War.

The fate of the boys on the deserted island is representative of society's ills. Golding's message is clear; Humans are inherently evil, and their immoral behavior will eventually lead to the demise of civilization.

If you study at night, why do you remember nothing the next day?

It is very frustrating to study for a test, think you know the material, and then be unable to recall the information. Teachers will tell students to study, but how to study effectively is the key.

Do not leave all your studying for the night before the test. Each night, review your notes and homework and make sure you understand the material. This way, you have time to ask your teacher clarifying questions if necessary.

Rewrite key points as you study. This is a more active way to engage your brain than simply re-reading material.

For some people, having a study partner is helpful; you can quiz each other. Having the right study partner is key, though — the wrong one can be distracting.

Put yourself in your teacher's place — what are the key concepts you would ask about on a test? This strategy can often help you predict what will be on an exam.

Do not leave too much for the night before the test, and make sure you are well-rested and eat something on test day.

Good luck!

In "Odour of Chrysanthemums," Walter's death touches off a big epiphany for Elizabeth, who suddenly realizes that the life she was living is a big...

When Walter dies in "Odour of Chrysanthemums," Elizabeth realizes in the end that she has shared nothing with her husband. She thinks, "And she knew what a stranger he was to her. In her womb was ice of fear, because of this separate stranger with whom she had been living as one flesh." While she has had two children with her husband and is pregnant with another, she realizes that she has never truly known him.

After having this epiphany, Elizabeth will likely go on to lead a more authentic life. She thinks, "She had refused him as himself.—And this had been her life, and his life.—She was grateful to death, which restored the truth. And she knew she was not dead." In other words, she had never accepted her husband for who he was, and she will be more likely to accept others as they really are in the future. However, as she will have three children to raise on her own, she may dedicate herself to that task rather than looking for a relationship. The character of Elizabeth is still relevant today, as many people get into relationships with people they do not really know as people and continue to conduct these relationships as virtual strangers to each other.

The following quotes show anger and resentment in the story:

“No,” she said, “not to me. It was chrysanthemums when I married him, and chrysanthemums when you were born, and the first time they ever brought him home drunk, he’d got brown chrysanthemums in his button-hole.”

“It is a scandalous thing as a man can’t even come home to his dinner! If it’s crozzled up to a cinder I don’t see why I should care. Past his very door he goes to get to a public-house, and here I sit with his dinner waiting for him—”

"Her heart burst with anger at their father who caused all three such distress. The children hid their faces in her skirts for comfort."

This story shows Elizabeth's regrets about her life, while D. H. Lawrence advocates a life of no regrets. He advocates the kind of life in which unions are based on intimacy, while Elizabeth only had physical but not psychological intimacy with her husband. Lawrence advocates being "fully alive," in a way Elizabeth never has been, as her marriage has been a union of strangers in which she felt spiritually dead.

How do I start a critical appreciation of "The Canterville Ghost?"

According to the Southeastern Louisiana University, the purpose of a critical appreciation is to "increase the reader's understanding" of a text. This involves reading the text critically and understanding Wilde's purpose in writing "The Canterville Ghost." (See Reference Link 1 for more information).

Begin, then, by finding out more about the story's context. Consider, for example, Oscar Wilde's role in Aestheticism, a late-Victorian movement which emphasised "art for art's sake" and beauty over moral considerations. Look at the character of Sir Simon, the Canterville ghost, and try to find traces of this movement in his portrayal. (See Reference Link 2 for more information).

Next, look for the story's key themes. Some of these include the culture clash between Britain and America. We see this most clearly in the opening paragraphs when Lord Canterville warns Mr Otis about the ghost. Another important theme in the story is forgiveness and you should look for examples of this in the text. How does forgiveness figure in the life of the Canterville Ghost and how does the need for forgiveness bring him closer to Virginia? (See Reference Link 3 for more information).

Finally, many readers are struck by the use of humour in "The Canterville Ghost." Look for examples of this in the text and think about why Wilde made his ghost story so funny in places.

What is the theme of Freak the Mighty by Rodman Philbrick?

A major theme of Rodman Phillbrick's Freak the Mighty is the ability of love and friendship to encourage personal growth. At the beginning of the book, Max is angry, withdrawn, and stubborn in the belief that no one in his life cares for him. Over the course of the novel he forms a strong friendship with Kevin, and begins to learn that he is smarter than he gives himself credit for. His interactions with Kevin show him that he is loved, and make him reconsider his belief that his grandparents don't care about him. After Kevin's death at the end of the book, Max has transformed enough to write their story, despite believing at the beginning of the book that he was stupid. The friendship that develops between Max and Kevin throughout the book gives Max higher self-esteem and a more positive worldview.

`y = 6^(3x-4)` Find the derivative of the function

`y=6^(3x-4)`

The derivative formula of an exponential function is:

`d/(dx) (a^u) = ln(a) * a^u * (du)/dx`

Applying this formula, the derivative of a function will be:

`(dy)/(dx) = d/(dx) (6^(3x-4))`

`(dy)/(dx) =ln(6) * 6^(3x-4) * d/(dx) (3x-4)`

`(dy)/(dx) = ln(6) * 6^(3x-4) * 3`

`(dy)/(dx) = 3ln(6) * 6^(3x-4)`

Therefore, the derivative of the function is  `(dy)/(dx) = 3ln(6) * 6^(3x-4)` .

What are some of the things that Red Chief does to annoy Bill in "The Ransom of Red Chief" by O. Henri?

Bill Driscoll endures a fair amount of torture at the hands of Johnny Dorset, also known as Red Chief. The abuse begins during the initial capture of Johnny when the boy throws a brick at Bill and hits him in the eye. When Sam is returning the buggy, Bill receives many kicks in the shins from the boy. His non-stop "during-dinner speech" and his ear-splitting war whoops get on Bill's nerves. The boy keeps Bill up for three hours during the night with his play-acting, and in the morning he takes a knife to Bill's hair and almost scalps him. After that, Bill doesn't dare to sleep a wink while Red Chief is in their care. Later, when Sam leaves again, Red Chief terrorizes Bill by putting a hot boiled potato down his back and squashing it against Bill's skin with his foot. When Sam returns, Red Chief is threatening Bill with a huge rock. Although Sam takes the rock away, Red Chief later takes out a sling shot and slings a rock at Bill, hitting him behind the ear. It knocks Bill a little senseless, and he staggers into a pan of hot water and gets scalded. The next day during Sam's absence, Red Chief rides Bill like a "hoss" for miles, and Bill finally abandons the boy, but he reappears. After such abuse, Bill is more than willing to pay the ransom Johnny's father requires. 

What is a quote that shows Macbeth is powerful?

At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is presented as a very powerful and formidable warrior. In relating to Duncan Macbeth's role in the battle against the rebel Macdonwald, the Sergeant describes him thus:

For brave Macbeth—well he deserves that name—
Disdaining fortune, with his brandish'd steel,
Which smoked with bloody execution,
Like valor's minion carved out his passage
Till he faced the slave,
Which ne'er shook hands, nor bade farewell to him,
Till he unseam'd him from the nave to the chaps,
And fix'd his head upon our battlements.

Macbeth here is "brave" and "valor's minion." Compared to him Macdonwald is like a "slave." Duncan goes on to describe him as "valiant," and "worthy." Of course at this point in the play, Macbeth is believed to be as virtuous and loyal as he is powerful. Later in the play, he has become corrupted. In Act III, Scene 6, a conversation between Lennox and an unnamed lord makes it clear that Macbeth is a tyrant, and that getting rid of him will give "sleep to our nights." Obviously, Macbeth has exercised his powers in a way that angers his thanes, though we are lacking in specifics. Later, Malcolm claims, Scotland "sinks beneath the yoke," and "bleeds" under Macbeth's rule. So Macbeth is obviously a powerful monarch, but one who has used his power for ill. By the end of the play, he is essentially a murderous monster, so confident in his own destiny and his own power that he fearlessly rushes into combat. 

How does Squeaky react when she sees Raymond running parallel to her in the race?

While Squeaky is engrossed in the race, she looks one way to check on Gretchen’s progress and the other to see if anyone is close to her. Out of the corner of her eye, she sees her brother matching her stride for stride even though he is running on the other side of the fence. Raymond has a unique running style Squeaky has never witnessed before. The sight of Raymond almost stops her in her tracks, but she can see the white ribbon of the finish line and refocuses on winning the race.

It is not until after the race that Squeaky fully feels and expresses her emotions. She laughs as Raymond scales the fence and runs over to her, and she allows her exuberant pride for him to show.

In the book, where does it show that Amy gave up forcing Lulu to continue playing the violin?

The answer to your question lies in Chapter 32 and Chapter 33. In fact, a quote at the end of Chapter 32 illustrates Amy's capitulation to Lulu's demands:

“Lulu,” I said. “You win. It’s over. We’re giving up the violin.”

Amy's decision did not come easily. In light of the argument between Lulu and Amy in Chapter 31, we come to understand Lulu's sentiments; although she enjoyed playing the violin, Lulu didn't enjoy the pressure Amy put on her to perform at a certain level. If we fast forward to Chapter 33, we can see the reason for Lulu's stress and subsequent outburst at the restaurant. According to the chapter, Lulu had an orchestral concertmaster position as well as lessons with the Julliard-trained Miss Tanaka every Sunday in New York. Lulu was also required (by Amy) to spend long hours practicing every day despite her orchestral and academic responsibilities.

The conflict between Lulu and Amy stemmed from widely differing views about the role of accomplishment. To Amy, the violin symbolized control over one's destiny and 'respect for hierarchy, standards, and expertise.' On the other hand, Lulu viewed the violin as an instrument of oppression. In Chapter 30, we learn that Amy forced Lulu to play at her own Bat Mitzvah, and that was possibly the straw that broke the camel's back where Lulu was concerned. The instrument had ceased to bring Lulu joy; instead, it caused her an undue amount of stress and prevented her from indulging her love for tennis.

Here's another quote which explains Amy's decision in Chapter 33:

I couldn’t lose Lulu. Nothing was more important. So I did the most Western thing imaginable: I gave her the choice. I told her that she could quit the violin if she wanted and do what she liked instead, which at the time was to play tennis.

To reiterate, my best advice is to read Chapters 30, 31, 32, and 33 in order to get a fuller picture of Amy's decision.

How can the function dy/dx=x^y be integrated?

Given the function:

`(dy)/(dx) = x^y`

It can be integrated as:

`int(dy) = int x^y dx`

We can use the power rule of integration to solve this case. The power rule is

`int x^n = (x^(n+1))/(n+1)`

where, n is a non-zero number.

Assuming that y `!=` 0, the given integral can be solved as:

`int x^y dx = x^(y+1) / (y+1) + C`

Thus, the power rule helps us in getting the solution to the given integral.

We can also calculate the value of C (the constant of integration), if we are provided with some limits, or some values of y, given values of x.

For example, let us say when x =1, y =1.

In that case, y = 1 = x^(y+1) / (y+1) + C = 1^2 / (1 + 1) + C

or, C = 1/2.

Hope this helps.  

What dictation does Byron use in the poem, "She Walks in Beauty"?

Lord Byron belongs to a group of poets called "Romantics." The Romantics wrote during the nineteenth century, focusing in their poetry on themes of nature and human emotion. (This was in reaction to the dominant focus of the Enlightenment, which was on logic and reason.) 

"She Walks in Beauty" is an example of a Romantic poem, including in its use of diction. In the poem, the speaker dwells on the beauty of an unnamed woman, and describes her almost entirely through relationships he draws between her appearance and the natural world. She is "like the night", in that everything that is most wonderful about "dark" and "bright" come together in her eyes. By this, he means that her eyes are "mellow" and "tender", like the night, instead of being "gaudy", like the day.

Similarly, the speaker draws relationships between the appearance of the woman and her virtues. Her "smiles", which are "soft" and "calm", are also "eloquent," for, just in their very form and "tint," they tell the speaker of "days in goodness spent": that is, of the woman's life of virtue. 

How does the judicial branch affect me?

The judicial branch affects us in several ways. The judicial branch is the branch of our government that interprets the meaning of our laws.

The judicial branch impacts us because it protects us from laws that might violate the Constitution. When a court is asked to review a law, it must determine if the law is constitutional, meaning that it doesn’t violate the principles of the Constitution. You may be attending a school that is or was under a court order to desegregate. For many years, the courts ruled that separate but equal public facilities were legal. However, in 1954, in the Brown v Board of Education case, the Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal schools were illegal. Many schools were then ordered to desegregate.

The judicial branch also hears certain cases. You may be asked to be a juror for a court case. This is one of the responsibilities of being a citizen. The judicial branch will also determine what the punishment is for a person who broke the law. It may determine the damages a person has to pay if that person has harmed another person in some way. It may also determine if a person has to go to jail for breaking a law and for how long.

The judicial branch plays a very important role in our lives.

How did apartheid affect the rest of the world?

Apartheid had an impact on the world. Apartheid was a system in place in South Africa from about 1950 until the early to mid-1990s. It was a system that kept blacks and whites separate from each other in South Africa. It placed many restrictions on black South Africans. Black South Africans protested did this system, as did the rest of the world.

International attention was focused on South Africa in 1976 when the police fired upon black children who were protesting that they must learn Afrikaans. These shootings made it clear that apartheid wasn’t bringing peace and prosperity to South Africa as the government had claimed. The United Nations had taken a stand against apartheid in 1973. In 1976, the United Nations established a ban on the sale of weapons to the government of South Africa. Other countries went further. Some countries refused to play against South African teams in sporting events. The United States and Great Britain also placed economic sanctions on South Africa.

The pressure that was placed on the government of South Africa helped to bring apartheid to an end by 1994.

`int x / sqrt(9 + 8x^2 - x^4) dx` Find or evaluate the integral by completing the square

Recall  that` int f(x) dx = F(x) +C` where:

f(x) as the integrand function

F(x) as the antiderivative of f(x)

C as the constant of integration..

 For the given problem, the integral: `int x/sqrt(9+8x^2-x^4)dx`

does not yet resemble any formula from table of integrals.

To evaluate this, we are to apply u-substitution by letting:

`u = x^2` then `u^2 = x^4`  and  `du = 2x dx `  or `(du)/2 = x dx` .

Then the integral becomes:

`int x/sqrt(9+8x^2-x^4)dx =int x dx/sqrt(9+8x^2-x^4)`

                                      `=int ((du)/2)/sqrt(9+8u-u^4)`

Apply the  basic  property of integration: `int c f(x) dx = c int f(x) dx` to factor out ` 1/2` .

`int ((du)/2)/sqrt(9+8u-u^4) = 1/2int (du)/sqrt(9+8u-u^4)`

 The integral does not yet resembles any integration formula.

For further step, we apply  completing the square on the part: `9+8u-u^2` .

Completing the square:

Factoring out -1 from `9+8u-u^2` becomes: `(-1)(-9-8u^2 +u^2)` or `-(u^2 -8u-9)` .

`u^2 -8u-9` resembles `ax^2 +bx+c ` where:

`a=1` ,` b= -8` and `c=9` .

To complete the square we add and subtract `(-b/(2a))^2` .

Plug-in the value of `a=1` and `b=-8` in  `(-b/(2a))^2` :

`(-b/(2a))^2 =(-(-8)/(2*1))^2`

             `=(8/2)^2`

             ` =4^2`

             ` =16.`

Adding and subtracting -16 inside the ():

`-(u^2 -8u-9) =-(u^2 -8u-9+16-16)`

 To move out "-9" and "-16" outside the (), we distribute the negative sign or (-1).

` -(u^2 -8u-9+16-16) =-(u^2 -8u-9+16) +(-1)(-9)+ (-1)(-16) `  

                                         `=-(u^2 -8u-9+16) +9+ 16`

                                         `=-(u^2 -8u-9+16) +25`

Factor out the perfect square trinomial: `u^2 -8u+16 = (u-4)^2`

`-(u^2 -8u+16) + 16 = -(u-4)^2+25`

Then it shows that `9+8u-u^4 =-(u-4)^2+25`

                                               `=25-(u-4)^2 `

                                                ` = 5^2 -(u-4)^2`

Then,

`1/2 int (du)/sqrt(9+8u-u^4)= 1/2int (du)/sqrt(5^2-(u-4)^2)`

 The integral part resembles the basic integration formula for inverse sine function:

`int (du)/sqrt(a^2-u^2)= arcsin(u/a)+C`

Applying the formula, we get:

`1/2int (du)/sqrt(5^2-(u-4)^2) =1/2 arcsin ((u-4)/5) +C`

Plug-in `u =x^2`  for the final answer:

`int x/sqrt(9+8x^2-x^4)dx =1/2 arcsin ((x^2-4)/5) +C` 

In Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, why does Antonio say that the reasons Salarino and Salanio give for his sadness are not the real reasons?

Antonio never actually reveals the reason for his sadness. The audience must infer it from his behavior. He seems to believe his melancholy is innate and mysterious. It frustrates both Antonio and his friends Salarino and Salanio, who suggest he is worrying about the safety of his goods: “Your mind is tossing on the ocean; / There, where your argosies with portly sail, / … Do overpeer the petty traffickers.” They both agree that this would cause them lots of anxiety and distress. Antonio says that his “ventures are not in one bottom trusted,” they are spread out, so he does not concern himself about their loss.

Salarino, perhaps jokingly, says that Antonio is in love. Antonio dismisses this with, “Fie, fie!” They conclude that it is simply in Antonio’s nature to be sad: “Nature hath framed strange fellows in her time.” Perhaps Antonio’s rebuttal of their suggestions means that he enjoys being sad. It could be that he suffers from what would now be diagnosed as clinical depression. Alternately, he is embarrassed to reveal the true reason for his heartache. His relationship with Bassanio gives some clues. Antonio showers Bassanio with money and gifts and even risks his life for Bassanio’s financial well-being, without regret. When Bassanio leaves to woo Portia for marriage, Salarino describes the emotion with which Antonio bids Bassanio farewell. Salanio replies, “I think he only loves the world for him.” Antonio may be in love with Bassanio, consciously or unconsciously, but Bassanio plans to marry the wealthy and beautiful Portia.

What did Mr. Hooper do when his veil swung forward while bending over the coffin? What did an observer say happened then?

When Mr. Hooper leans over the coffin of the dead maiden, his veil falls away from his face so that, if she were alive she would be able to see his face beneath the veil.  The narrator says that Mr. Hooper "hastily caught [it] back," meaning that he quickly grabbed the veil and pulled it back toward his face so that his face would not be revealed to the young woman's body inside the coffin.  

An old woman who witnessed this moment swears that in the instant when the maiden would have been able to glimpse the minister's face beneath his veil, "[her] corpse had shuddered," lightly rustling the maiden's cap and death shroud, though her face never moved or indicated any change.  However, it was only this one superstitious old woman that actually claims to have observed this interaction, and so it is not widely credited as truth.

Why were the provisions of the 14th Amendment not included in the original Bill of Rights?

There are two main provisions of the 14th Amendment that are important today (Sections 2-5 were really only relevant at the time that the Amendment was ratified).  There are different reasons why each of these two provisions was not included in the original Bill of Rights.

The most famous provision of the 14th Amendment says that states cannot deny to anyone “the equal protection of the laws.” This provision was meant to ensure that the states would not make laws that would treat African Americans differently from whites.  This provision was not included in the Bill of Rights because essentially no one in the late 1700s believed that blacks should be legally equal to whites.  The people who wrote the Bill of Rights believed that whites were superior and they did not anticipate a time when people would believe otherwise.

The second important provision of the 14th Amendment says that states cannot “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.”  This clause has been used to “incorporate” the Bill of Rights.  That is, it has been used to say that the Bill of Rights applies to the states as well so that state governments, for example, cannot make laws abridging the freedom of speech.  James Madison proposed similar provisions for the Bill of Rights, but these were rejected.  This was because people at that time believed that the state governments were not dangerous. They feared that the national government, which was not closely tied to people in the states, might take away their rights but they did not think that the state governments would do so. Therefore, they saw no need to include any language specifying that the Bill of Rights would apply to the states.

What time period is Peter and Wendy set in?

Peter and Wendy, also called Peter Pan, is the title of a play published in 1904 as well as a novel adaptation published in 1911. Both the play and novel format tell the story of Wendy Darling, her brothers Michael and John, and a mischievous, magical boy called Peter Pan. Wendy and her brothers are invited to live in Neverland with Peter and his gang of Lost Boys. Even though they are impressed with Neverland and its fascinating inhabitants, the Darling children decide that they would much rather live at home with their parents and dog.

There are a few things to take into consideration in determining the time period for Peter and Wendy. First, the play and novel were published in the first decade of the 20th century. It would be easy to assume based on this fact alone that the story of Peter Pan is set around the time of its publication. When we consider some of the context clues, such as the Darling family dynamic as well as pop culture imaginings of pirates and Native Americans, a setting in the late 19th century or very early 20th century seems appropriate.

That the Darling family, who live in London, employ domestic servants (such as a Nanny or Housemaid) would suggest they are of higher economic status. However, we only hear mention of one domestic servant and the children are tended to by either their mother or the dog called Nana. One would assume they are firmly of the middle class based on their ability to employ just the one domestic servant.

Wendy also embodies many of the values emphasized for young women during the Victorian period. Girls and women were encouraged to be maternal, caring, graceful, polite, tidy, and patient to the point of being passive. 

My best guess is that Peter Pan is set in the Edwardian Period, which lasted from 1901 to 1910, though it is possible for it to have been set earlier in the Victorian Period.

Why does the speaker in the poem "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" desire to spend his time alone in his cabin?

In William Butler Yeats's retrospective poem “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” the speaker longs for a place to quiet his mind. The poem was written when Yeats was living in London, but his heart was in Innisfree. Yeats spent time in Innisfree as a young boy.

He envisions a simple life in a cottage surrounded by a garden instead of the dull “pavement” of the city. In his mind, he hears the gentle “lapping” of the water upon the shore, and it comforts him. In this retreat, the speaker is able to appreciate the natural world of buzzing insects and twinkling stars. It is a safe place for him, where from daybreak to evening he is surrounded by the sights and sounds of nature instead of the hustle and dinginess of the city.

As the last stanza says, this place is close to his “heart.”

I will arise and go now, for always night and day

I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;

While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,

I hear it in the deep heart’s core.

What were the shortcomings of Reconstruction policies and legislation?

During Reconstruction (1865-1877), the period after the Civil War when the states that had been in the Confederacy were reabsorbed into the Union, several amendments to the Constitution were ratified. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery; the 14th Amendment gave everyone who was born in the United States, including freed slaves, citizenship; and the 15th Amendment gave all men the right to vote.

However, Reconstruction policies failed to really reconstruct the economy of the south, which remained tied to cotton and to sharecropping. In addition, federal policies tried but ultimately failed to derail the development of Jim Crow legislation in the south. Jim Crow laws tied former slaves to plantations as sharecroppers, prevented the free movement of African-Americans in the south as free agents in the economy; and ultimately brought about a system of "separate but equal" segregated public facilities. As a result, schools and public spaces were segregated in the south until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Reconstruction also failed to distribute land to African-Americans, despite promises to do so. The promise of the federal government to distribute "forty acres and a mule" to former slaves was not fulfilled. 

How does O.Henry create a balance between foreshadowing and surprise in "After Twenty Years."?

In "After Twenty Years," O. Henry molds his main characters with a certain anonymity that provides some foreshadowing while at the same time providing for the surprise ending.

• Foreshadowing

In the exposition of the story in which two old friends have agreed to meet twenty years after their parting ways, the first character who is introduced is simply referred to as the "policeman." Also, since this policeman, an officer of the law who patrols a certain neighborhood, is a familiar personage to readers of O. Henry's time, there is nothing about him which would lead these readers to think that he has a primary role in the narrative. His routine questioning of the man waiting for his old friend in the doorway arouses no suspicions, either, but it does provide subtle foreshadowing as the man's lighting of his cigar reveals a "little white scar near his right eyebrow" and a large diamond as a scarfpin. Another very subtle hint of what is to come are some words said by this stranger:

"We figured that in twenty years each of us ought to have our destiny worked out and our fortunes made, whatever they were going to be."

• Surprise Ending

Since the policeman on the beat seems insignificant, with the later appearance of "a tall man in a long overcoat" who goes directly to the man in the doorway, readers may well assume that he is Jimmy, the stranger's old friend for whom he has been waiting, especially because he asks, "Is that you, Bob?" But, when this tall man steps under the bright lights of a drug store as the two walk along arm-in-arm, the old friend suddenly stops, removes his arm, and says, "You're not Jimmy Wells," the narrative is then set up for the surprise ending. For, Patrolman Jimmy Wells has sent a plainclothes policeman to meet 'Silky Bob' and to give Jimmy's letter to his old friend, explaining why he has not met him.

In Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451, what does Clarisse McClellan represent?

In essence, Clarisse McClellan represents life before censorship. This is evident thorough her care-free and non-conformist character: she spends her days pursuing her own interests and allows her mind to ponder a wide range of topics, as she tells Montag:

I like to smell things and look at things, and sometimes stay up all night walking and watch the sun rise.

Clarisse's non-conformity is also shown when she questions and shows contempt for authority:

My uncle drove slowly on a highway once…they jailed him for two days. Isn't that funny, and sad, too?

In addition, Clarisse also represents the innocence of youth. This is not only suggested by her teenage appearance but also in the topics she discusses with Montag. Rubbing a dandelion under his chin, for example, and talking about the taste of rain both support this idea.

Finally, though Clarisse's sudden and mysterious death, she represents the victory of what Faber calls the "silent majority." Her death is a symbol of the triumph of censorship and conformity, but, through Montag, her spirit remains an important force in the novel.

What factors led to the Commercial Revolution in Europe?

The 15th Century saw a renewed interest in trading in Europe. One of the primary reasons for this was the contact that the Europeans experienced with the East during the Holy Crusades. The Crusaders brought back food goods such as spices, coffee, tea, and rice that were immediately in high demand. Porcelain, silks and perfumes were also introduced and there was a high demand for those goods in Europe. This interest in goods from the East motivated nations to explore trade routes to India. These routes led to the expansion of trade and conquest along the coast of Africa and into the New World. The colonial conquests of Britain, Spain, and Portugal increased the wealth of these imperial powers which further expanded trade in Europe. The continent was introduced to new goods from both the east and west. This early form of capitalism, which was called mercantilism, motivated nations to trade. A nation achieved its economic and political strength by gaining trade surpluses over its neighbors under mercantilism.

What is the conflict in Cathleen ni Houlihan?

The main conflict in W.B. Yeats and Lady Gregory's Cathleen ni Houlihan is the Irish Rebellion of 1798. This was one of many armed uprisings that made up the prolonged fight for Irish independence. Like many other Irish uprisings, the revolution ended in defeat for the rebels. The play deals with the landing of French soldiers at Killala, a real historical event that resulted in a brief rebel victory at Castlebar before the ultimate defeat of the rebellion. This conflict provides the main backdrop for the play. 

There is, however, a more intimate conflict at work. The old woman, who later reveals herself as Cathleen ni Houlihan, the personification of Ireland, convinces Michael Gillane to abandon his family and his future bride to join the revolution. Thus, another major conflict is the tension between patriotism (love of country) and the love for one's family. This idea complicates the play, as it acknowledges how a war, even one that is justifiable, tears families apart.

In To Kill a Mockingbird, how does the reader learn that Mayella Ewell is lying during the trial?

In To Kill a Mockingbird, Mayella Ewell is the victim of a savage beating. She tells Sheriff Tate that Tom Robinson, an African American man, is the one responsible. During the trial, Mayella’s testimony, combined with other evidence, proves that she is lying, and more importantly, that Tom Robinson is innocent.

At the trial, Mayella testifies under oath that Tom Robinson attempted to strangle her with both hands and punched her in the face. Initially, this story supports Sheriff Tate’s testimony that Mayella had a black right eye and choke marks around her throat shortly after the crime occurred. Yet under cross examination, Atticus shows the jury that Tom’s left arm is crippled due to a childhood accident. There is no way he could have thrown a punch with his left hand, or put both hands around her throat. Despite the glaring contractions between the evidence and Mayella’s testimony, the all-white jury finds Tom Robinson guilty.

`g(t) = t^2*2^t` Find the derivative of the function

The derivative of a function f at a point x is denoted as  `y' = f'(x)`

There are basic properties and formula we can apply to simplify a function such as the  Product Rule provides the formula:

`d/dx(u*v) = u' *v + u * v'`

 For the problem:`g(t) = t^2* 2^t` we let :

`u = t^2`  

`v = 2^t`

Now we want to find the derivative of each function.

Recall the power rule for derivatives:`d/dx(u^n)=n*u^(n-1) du/dx ` 

So, for `u = t^2` , 

`u' = 2t`

Recall that for differentiating exponential functions: 

`d/dx(a^u) =a^u* ln(a)*du/dx`  where  `a!=1` .

With the function` v = 2^t` , we get `v' = 2^t*ln(2) *1 = 2^tln(2)`

We now have:

`u = t^2`

`u' = 2t`

`v=2^t`

`v' =2^tln(2)`

Then following the Product Rule:`d/(dx)(u*v) = u' *v + u * v'`, we get:

`g'(t) = 2t*2^t + t^2* 2^tln(2)`

g'(t) = `t2^(t+1) + t^2 2^tln(2` )  `

What are the largest divisions of time?

We commonly use time units such as second, minute, hour, day, and year to describe the time. These scales are of relevance to us and our lives, since our life spans are short relative to how long Earth has existed. Scientists, on the other hand, use much larger divisions of time to describe events of scientific interest. Geologists especially use much larger time divisions, such as eons, epochs, era, periods, and ages.

Here are time divisions of interest to human beings, in increasing order:

seconds

minute (1 min = 60 seconds)

hour (1 hour = 60 minutes)

day (1 day = 24 hours)

year (1 year = about 365 days)

Decade (1 decade = 10 years)

century (1 century = 10 decades = 100 years)

Millennium (1 millennium = 10 centuries = 1000 years)

Age: a few million years

Epoch: a few million years

Period: a few to tens of million years 

Era: at least fifty million years up to a couple of hundred million years

Eon: spans over hundreds of millions of years

Thus, eons, eras, and periods are among the largest time divisions.

Hope this helps.

What is Aunt Alexandra's vision for what is "ladylike"? How does Scout respond to this vision? What does Atticus think about Scout's conformity to...

Aunt Alexandra wishes Scout would act like a proper Southern lady and not behave like a "tomboy." Alexandra believes a female should wear dresses, engage in social activities, and remain indoors. She also believes a lady should have an understanding of her heritage and not participate in physical activities. Scout despises her Aunt Alexandra and does not agree with her ideas about femininity. Scout would rather wear her overalls and play outside with Jem and Dill than sit indoors and have conversations with other women. Atticus is a tolerant individual and allows Scout to run around with the boys. Atticus does understand Scout is getting older and will need a feminine influence, however, which is why he invites his sister to live with them. Scout never fully accepts Alexandra's way of life, but does realizes she will soon have to enter the world of women.

What is the reason for the letter that Cassius wrote in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar?

Cassius wrote a number of letters to Brutus. He used different handwriting in each letter to make it look like different Roman citizens wrote the letters. The letter given to Brutus by his servant Lucius in Act II, Scene 1, which he partially reads aloud, is only one of the many Cassius concocts and plants in various places to try to convince Brutus to become the leader of a conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar. It can be assumed that all of the letters Cassius writes for Brutus have the same general theme. Brutus himself enunciates that theme after he finishes reading the letter given to him by Lucius.

"Shall Rome, et cetera?" Thus must I piece it out:
Shall Rome stand under one man's awe? What, Rome?
My ancestors did from the streets of Rome
The Tarquin drive when he was called a king.
"Speak, strike, redress." Am I entreated
To speak and strike? O Rome, I make thee promise,
If the redress will follow, thou receivest
Thy full petition at the hand of Brutus.

It is because of Brutus' distinguished ancestry that Cassius and other Romans are so anxious to draw him into their conspiracy. They are thinking about assassinating Caesar and the problems that will arise if the assassination is successful. Brutus can help them justify the assassination to the populace and will serve as an ideal head of the new government that will have to be established. Cassius understands this better than anyone.

Shakespeare could not show Cassius writing a lot of letters or Brutus reading a lot of letters because it would take up too much time. At the end of Scene 2 in Act I, Cassius tells himself, and the audience, what he intends to do to follow up on the strong pressure he has been putting on Brutus to join in his conspiracy against Caesar.

I will this night,
In several hands, in at his windows throw,
As if they came from several citizens,
Writings, all tending to the great opinion
That Rome holds of his name, wherein obscurely
Caesar's ambition shall be glanced at.
And after this let Caesar seat him sure;
For we will shake him, or worse days endure.

The letter Brutus reads aloud is one Cassius wrote and threw in his windows. There was no mail-delivery service in ancient Rome; those few prosperous citizens who knew how to read and write must have usually had their letters hand-delivered by servants. Cassius may be delivering his own letters to make sure there are no slip-ups in his scheme to deceive Brutus.

In Act I, Scene 3, Cassius gives some additional letters to Cinna and tells him:

Good Cinna, take this paper,
And look you lay it in the praetor's chair,
Where Brutus may but find it; and throw this
In at his window. Set this up with wax
Upon old Brutus' statue. All this done,
Repair to Pompey's Porch where you shall find us.

How is Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken" autobiographical?

The poem does not relate to Frost in the sense that it is a first-person narrative about a personal choice that he had to make for himself. Its autobiographical nature is rooted in the fact that Frost wrote it for friend and fellow poet Edward Thomas, who was known for his inability to make decisions. Frost essentially wrote the poem to mock his friend who had written "Roads," a similar poem about historical pathways which had been constructed by the Romans in his home country, Wales. Many of these roads were still being used, and Thomas wrote about both the literal and metaphoric significance of these routes.

In her article, "Robert Frost : 'The Road Not Taken,'" Katherine Robinson says the following:

Robert Frost wrote “The Road Not Taken” as a joke for a friend, the poet Edward Thomas. When they went walking together, Thomas was chronically indecisive about which road they ought to take and — in retrospect — often lamented that they should, in fact, have taken the other one. Soon after writing the poem in 1915, Frost griped to Thomas that he had read the poem to an audience of college students and that it had been "taken pretty seriously… despite doing my best to make it obvious by my manner that I was fooling… Mea culpa.”

She further also states,

shortly after receiving this poem in a letter, Edward Thomas enlisted in the army and was killed in France two months later. 

When Frost sent the poem to Thomas, Thomas initially failed to realize that the poem was (mockingly) about him. Instead, he believed it was a serious reflection on the need for decisive action. (He would not be alone in that assessment.) 

Frost was disappointed that the joke fell flat and wrote back, insisting that the sigh at the end of the poem was “a mock sigh, hypo-critical for the fun of the thing.” The joke rankled; Thomas was hurt by this characterization of what he saw as a personal weakness — his indecisiveness, which partly sprang from his paralyzing depression.

To clarify the point even more, the author also states, in simpler terms, the following detail:

when Frost and Thomas went walking together, Thomas would often choose one fork in the road because he was convinced it would lead them to something, perhaps a patch of rare wild flowers or a particular bird’s nest. When the road failed to yield the hoped-for rarities, Thomas would rue his choice, convinced the other road would have doubtless led to something better. In a letter, Frost goaded Thomas, saying, “No matter which road you take, you’ll always sigh, and wish you’d taken another.” 

Frost, after the poem had been published, was constantly questioned about its cryptic nature and he often commented that the poem was "tricky." This obviously implied the poem should not be taken at face value, as his friend had, unfortunately, done. It has greater meaning and depth.

What points can you include in a letter from a commoner to Brutus in order to convince him he should be the ruler instead of Caesar?

I'm assuming the letter would be presented to Brutus before Caesar's assassination.

You could mention that Brutus, as a man of the people, would act for the people, unlike Caesar, who only seems to care about himself. 

Secondly, Brutus displays deeply entrenched values, whereas Caesar's morals seem to be suspect.

Also, Brutus does not display the kind of supercilious arrogance that seems to be an attribute of Caesar's character. Brutus comes across as humble and caring.

Fourthly, Brutus commands great respect among the common folk because of the above-named qualities, whereas Caesar generates skepticism and suspicion since he focuses only on his victories and thrives on adulation.

Furthermore, Brutus presents an image of courage and strength, whereas Caesar could come across as frail and infirm. Caesar is prone to fainting spells brought about by his supposed epilepsy, while Brutus is physically robust. It is easier to be inspired by a leader who presents an image of resilience and power than one who comes across as weak and unstable.

The general image of Brutus, therefore, much favors him as one suitable to lead, as Cassius so cleverly and slyly suggests during their speech in Act I, Scene 1.

How do Mama's feelings change toward Dee in "Everyday Use"?

At the beginning of the story, mama dreams about having some dramatic reunion with Dee where Dee credits her mother with helping her to achieve her life's goals.  While mama is not oblivious to Dee's shortcomings, and mama understands her character, she still wishes that she were not an embarrassment to her daughter.  She knows that Dee didn't care for where mama raised her and her sister, Maggie, and Dee doesn't visit often (and never has brought her friends).  Mama wishes it were different, and she seems to really want to make Dee happy, giving her household items that are both of sentimental and daily value.  Not only are these items -- the churn top, the dasher, and so on -- objects that have been handmade by family members, but they are also things that mama and Maggie actually use.  However, when Dee tries to argue that she ought to have the quilts that have been promised to Maggie, quilts that she actually turned her nose up at a few years earlier, mama no longer privileges Dee's feelings.  She suddenly realizes how manipulative Dee has been and she refuses to give Dee what she wants, for probably the very first time.  She seems to see her daughters in a clearer light by the end of the story, and she is grateful for Maggie's presence instead of longing for Dee's.

What are the leading character traits of Portia, and how is she a heroine?

Heroines are strong female characters who take daring actions to save or help other individuals throughout plays and stories. Portia is one of Shakespeare's most revered heroines, and she embodies many heroic attributes throughout The Merchant of Venice. Portia is respectful, even to the suitors she is uninterested in, and she is also intelligent. Portia displays her intelligence by conducting an elaborate plan to save Antonio and gives a valid argument that prevents Shylock from cutting a pound of flesh from Antonio's breast. In doing so, Portia saves Antonio's life and displays her courage by dressing up as a man and intervening in a Venetian trial under false pretenses. Portia takes a great risk by pretending to be Doctor Balthazar and ruling on Antonio's forfeiture. Portia also displays her magnanimous personality during her speech about mercy. Portia's intelligence, sympathy, and courage are predominant character traits typically found in heroines.

What is the rising action of Crispin: The Cross of Lead?

The rising action of Avi's young adult fiction novel, Crispin: The Cross of Lead, is somewhat unusual because the story follows a series of tense events with long, perhaps boring breaks in between. I would say that the rising action begins when Crispin awakes in the forest after the funeral to find Steward Aycliffe and a mysterious partner having a conversation by torchlight. From this moment, we get the sense there is something else going on in the story which Crispin isn't quite aware of. Over the next two days, he hides in the forest to keep away from the Steward's eye. The tension of the story surges again when Crispin intends to meet Father Quinel to prepare for his journey and is chased off by Aycliffe's men. Next, the story lulls again as Crispin journeys to some undetermined village, trying to survive on wild foods. So the pattern of excitement and calm continue with Crispin meeting Bear, performing in Lodgecot, learning to juggle on their journey, and finally arriving in Great Wexley. 

During the portion of the story which occurs in Great Wexley, I feel that the tension of the rising action increases exponentially until the climax of Crispin confronting Steward Aycliffe occurs. 

How does digested food get to the cells of the body?

When food is eaten it is broken down mechanically by chewing and chemically by enzymes. Enzymes in saliva begin the process, and acids and enzymes in the stomach do a lot of the work. Enzymes and bile in the intestines help break down food into individual molecules. Once the food is broken down into molecules, it can pass through the wall of the small intestine. The small intestine has numerous folds to increase surface area, and also includes villi and microvilli to further increase surface area for absorption. The food molecules are absorbed by the cells making up the microvilli, and then pass to the bloodstream via capillaries running alongside the microvilli. Once in the bloodstream, the food molecules are delivered to cells throughout the body. 

Cells take up the food molecules in different ways depending on the type of molecule. In the case of glucose, cells have specific proteins embedded in the cell membrane that transport glucose across the cell membrane. For larger molecules, a cell will need to use endocytosis to take them into the cell.

What are three lessons taught by the characters in The Chrysalids?

From David we can learn to be open-minded about the world and the people in it, and not blindly follow the will of our parents.  Children are definitely impacted by their parents’ beliefs.  Parents raise their children with a moral code.  However, sometimes children grow up to question that code. 

This was the case with David.  His father was strongly religious, but he realized that just because someone is different does not make them a mutant, ungodly, or worthy of rejection.  He befriended Sophie despite her extra toes, even though not turning her in was a crime.

I certainly did not feel unusual. I was a normal little boy, growing up in a normal way, taking the ways of the world about me for granted.  And I kept on like that until the day I met Sophie. Even then, the difference was not immediate. It is hind-sight that enables me to fix that as the day when my first small doubts started to germinate. (Ch. 1) 

David’s relationship with Sophie helps him to better understand himself.  Both of them are mutants, even though David is certified.  His difference is not visible.  He is a telepath, meaning he is one of a small group who can read minds.  This would make him blasphemous too if anyone knew. 

Another person we can learn from is Anne.  Anne’s story is truly tragic.  She marries Alan, a man who is not only not telepathic but also strictly religious.  He is the one who turns Sophie in.  She knows that he would turn anyone in easily and not think twice about it, but she fell in love with him.  You can’t control who you love.  Yet Anne teaches us that we should take care in who we choose.  Things do not just work out because we want them to. 

I'm not a fool. Of course I've thought. I've thought more than you have. I'm a woman — I've a right to marry and have children. There are three of you and five of us. Are you saying that two of us must never marry? Never have any lives or homes of our own? If not, then two of us have got to marry norms. (Ch. 10) 

Anne makes a bold choice, with disastrous consequences.  She ends up killing herself.  Sometimes we take chance on love and it doesn’t work out.  When she finds Alan dead, she blames the telepaths.  She kills herself and leaves a note renouncing all of the telepaths. 

Sophie’s parents are the last characters we can learn from.  They hide their daughter and protect her, even though it is dangerous for all of them.  They do not care, because she is their child.  From them we can learn the value of protecting people you love, no matter the consequences.  If someone hadn’t spotted the extra toes, how would anyone know she was different?

David ponders the extent of a mother's love.

And Aunt Harriet had been more than ready to break the Purity Laws. So had Sophie's mother. It made one wonder how many mothers there might be who were turning a blind eye towards matters that did not actually infringe the Definition of the True Image — and perhaps to things that did infringe it, if the inspector could be dodged. (Ch. 12)

David's Aunt Harriet had tried to hide her baby when it did not conform.  She wanted David's mother to lend her Petra so she could get a certificate.  David's mother turned her away.  David wonders if she would given up David and Petra if she knew, or how she will feel when they are caught.

Who betrayed Jesus?

The word “betrayed” is a little misleading, according to one view of the events:  if one believes that the events were preordained and part of the “plan” of the Deity, then all the actions of Peter, Pontius Pilate, and others can be seen in a different light.  But given the political situation in the Roman-occupied areas of Jerusalem, the “betrayal” might be seen as the result of the Jewish leaders at the time.  But they had very little actual power in these situations.  As for Judas and the thirty pieces of silver, this “betrayal” was only the pointing out to the Roman authorities which of the group in the garden of Gesthemene was Jesus, the leader of the apostles (not necessarily familiar to the soldiers by sight).  Another “betrayal” can be seen in Pilate’s poor judgment in releasing Barabbas instead of Jesus, although the actual Jewish population cried out for Barabbas.  This “betrayal” is encapsulated in Lord Francis Bacon’s comment:  “What is truth, said Pontius Pilate and did not stay for an answer.”  Finally, Peter's denial of Jesus' friendship, which was predicted, might be seen as a temporary "betrayal."

What irony is there in Mrs. Merriweather's insistence that Helen Robinson be forgiven in To Kill a Mockingbird?

As she alludes to Helen Robinson's need to lead a Christian life for her children from now on, the dramatic irony in these words of the judgmental, hypocritical Mrs. Grace Merriweather are that Tom and Helen both have probably been far more Christian in their actions than Mrs. Merriweather has ever been. Mrs. Merriweather is the one who should seek forgiveness, as she makes many uncharitable remarks about her maid and other blacks in the community.

Mrs. Merriweather considers herself an upright Christian, but the irony is that she is anything but Christian in her uncharitable and derogatory remarks, including,

"If we just let them know we forgive 'em, that we've forgotten it, then this whole thing'll blow over."

As stated by Mr. Link Deas, Tom Robinson was a good person. When she listens to Mayella's testimony, Scout realizes Tom was probably the only person who was ever decent to Mayella Ewell. In addition, Tom's wife Helen has not caused any problems and just tries to raise her family.

What is also ridiculous about Mrs. Merriweather's words is her assumption that Helen Robinson is unchristian in her behavior may be based upon the disgruntled black community's reaction after the trial; she tells Scout that the field hands and the cooks are dissatisfied, having grumbled all the next day. Of course, the bigoted Mrs. Merriweather does not believe they have anything about which to grumble.

What do the names Mollie, Mr.Jones, the sheep, and Mr.Whymper signify in Animal Farm?

In literature there is usually a significant connection between a character's name and the role in the narrative that the character plays, as well as a connection to certain traits of the character. 

Therefore, notwithstanding Juliet's famous indictment against names--

"What's in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet." (2.2.)--

certain names are, indeed, significant in Animal Farm.

• 
  Mr. Jones - With one of the most common names among English-speaking people, Mr. Jones is representative of the capitalist who is solely concerned about making profits. The welfare of his workers is only important with respect to their ability to produce. (Interestingly, many a man named Jones was an overseer on plantations in the South.)
  Mr. Jones worries about "keeping up with the Joneses" when he elicits the help of the other farmers and they fight against the animals. That is, Jones hopes to re-establish his power as owner of the farm, thereby "keeping up" in position with the other farmers.


• 
  Mollie - Mollie is a pampered mare, who misses the treats and preferential treatment she received when she pulled Mr. Jones to town and other places. She was "mollycoddled," or indulged, when she was with Mr. Jones, and now she misses her special treatment of wearing ribbons and eating certain treats. She does not want to be considered a "comrade."


• 
  The sheep - The word sheep carries with it the idea of blind followers who accept everything that someone above them says and does. They are incapable of thinking for themselves. For instance, at first the sheep bleat "Four legs good, two legs bad" as Napoleon has taught them to blurt out when Snowball talks; however, Napoleon later gets them to chant, "Four legs good, two legs better" after he begins to walk on two legs. The sheep's bleating of these sayings drown out the thinking of others, not to mention their own.


• 
  Mr. Whymper - This lawyer who wears side whiskers is a sly man who becomes a broker for Animal Farm who pays him commissions. He is the first human to make contact with the farm, which alarms some of the animals.  After the farm starts to fail, Whymper makes hints that the farm is doing well, instead, and the truth becomes but a whimper. Most importantly, this confusion of what is said with reality represses the truth.

 

Was Salvador Dalí a significant artist?

Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dalí Domènech (normally referred to as Salvador Dalí) was a well-known twentieth-century artist whose work is displayed in many major museums and who is discussed in most works about art history concerning his period. Although the question of whether his work will prove to have the sort of enduring interest as artists often compared to him like Miró and Magritte remains open, Dalí will definitely remain important for those concerned with the surrealist movement in art and its role in international modernism.

Dalí was born on 1904 in Figueres, Spain, part of a region known as Catalonia. He died in 1989. Dalí showed early promise as an art student and was influenced by Renaissance art and cubism. His major works, such as The Persistence of Memory (showing melting clocks), combine almost hyper-realistic draftsmanship with dreamlike subject matter. In addition to painting, Dalí worked in other media, often in collaboration with other artists. Dalí's work included designing sets for plays, ballets, and department store windows. While some artists criticized Dalí for his commercialism, others regard his work as important in connecting surrealism with popular culture.

Did the ideas of the Constitution discriminate against any minority?

Some of the ideas of the Constitution did discriminate against minorities. One example is the Three-Fifth Compromise. The Three-Fifths Compromise stated that every five slaves would count as three people when the population of a state was being determined. Population counts were used to determine the number of representatives each state had in the House of Representatives. This section of the Constitution was discriminatory in that it indicated that slaves were viewed primarily as property, allowing their representative value to be put up for debate.

Another example of discrimination was that the Constitution didn’t ban slavery, and it allowed slave trading to exist. They agreed to make no decisions regarding the trading of slaves until 1808. Slavery didn’t end until after the Civil War when the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified.

Native Americans also faced discrimination in that they were not considered to be citizens according to the Constitution. The Constitution stated that Congress should control trade with the Native Americans tribes similarly to how it controls trade with foreign entities. Though some tribes undoubtably wanted autonomy, not all Native Americans necessarily wanted to participate in a tribal community and these individuals were not granted the rights and protections of U.S. citizenship.

Finally, women weren’t treated equally in the Constitution by virtue of their total exclusion. For example, women were not guaranteed the right vote until the 19th Amendment was ratified.

Why does Malvolio want to marry Olivia in Twelfth Night?

Malvolio himself actually answers this question quite well in Act II, Scene 5, when Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria are eavesdropping on his little private moment.  In a few words, he wants respect--he feels like Sir Toby and Sir Andrew don't ever listen to him (and to be completely fair, he's right), and he fantasizes about having such far-reaching authority that he can boss them around and they have to listen to him.

To hear him tell it in that scene:

"...she uses me with a more exalted respect..."  By which he means Olivia, at least, has the decency to respect him and his position.

"Calling my officers about me, in my branched velvet gown..." and a bit later, "Seven of my people, with an obedient start, make out for him: I frown the while; and perchance wind up watch, or play with my--some rich jewel..."  Both of these quotes reflect Malvolio's longing for the outward signifiers of power as well as power itself.  Velvet and jewels (ignoring what's almost certainly a lewd joke on Shakespeare's part with regard to the jewel) are obvious markers of wealth and power, but Malvolio also regards other people as markers of wealth and power.  He refers to "my officers" and "my people," indicating a degree of possession.  More generally, having people around to do his business for him, instead of having to do it himself, would indicate more power and influence than he currently has.

"Toby approaches; courtesies there to me..."  Quite the image, isn't this--Sir Toby having to grovel in front of a former servant.  Yet it seems to be Malvolio's most fervent desire.

Now, let's back it up a bit.  "There is example for't; the lady of the Strachy married the yeoman of the wardrobe."  This quote is particularly telling.  Twelfth Night as a play is concerned with a lot of overarching themes, perhaps most notably gender roles, but class and its cousin propriety are two other hugely important themes.  The play's name itself is a reference to a traditional festival from medieval/Tudor times, in which the Lord of Misrule turns all society upside down.  Class roles are reversed temporarily.  So the play itself is full of role reversals, of class boundaries being transcended or disregarded.  Malvolio, meanwhile, is the character perhaps most emotionally invested in maintaining order and propriety, particularly where Sir Toby and Sir Andrew's antics are concerned.  That makes this quote doubly interesting, because he expresses a wish to rise above his station, to defy class strata, but he also defends himself by citing precedent.  Inter-class marriage has been done before, he reasons, so in a way he thinks that gives him the right to do it himself.

So, in short: Malvolio wants to marry Olivia because he thinks it'll give him the power and respect he needs in order to maintain propriety in the household.