The Nile River shaped ancient Egypt in that it provided a waterway for trading, a means of defending against enemies, and a water source for agriculture. Each year, the river flooded the land around it. This caused silt deposits to develop and made the land fertile for agriculture. Wheat and papyrus were important crops in ancient Egypt. Agricultural life in Egypt was dependent on the Nile River because much of Egypt was desert.
Egyptian merchants both exported and imported goods. Sailing vessels traveled along the Nile River for trading purposes. Boats from Egypt could travel north to the Mediterranean Sea. From there, they could get to Asia and Europe to trade.
In the southern part of the Egyptian Kingdom, the cataracts provided protection along the Nile. Fortresses were built along the Nile for defense. Military forces from Egypt also sailed up and down the river.
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